Five Main Categories of an Advertising Objectives Essay

â€Å"Advertising is any paid form of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods and services through mass media such as newspapers, magazines, television or radio by an identified sponsor†. Set Advertising Objectives An advertising objective is a specific communication task to be achieved with a specific target audience during a specified period of time. Advertising objectives fall into five main categories: (a) To inform – e.g. tell customers about a new product (b) To persuade – e.g. encourage customers to switch to a different brand (c) To remind – e.g. remind buyers where to find a product (d) To adding value – e.g. cost and benefit analysis in customers mind (e) To assisting other company efforts – e.g. increase brand preference and loyalty, expand the product distribution, reduce overall sales cost, Creates new demands etc. To Inform The main function of advertising is to communicate information about the product, its attributes, and its location of sale; this is the information function. Product information communicated to the customers in manner that meets their information needs. Most consumers tend to discount the information in advertising because they understand that the purpose of the advertising is to persuade. Making an advertising message believable is not easy; though often it is sufficient to make the consumer curious enough to try the product. Such curiosity is often referred to as interested disbelief. Advertisers use a variety of devices to increase the believability of their advertising: celebrities or experts who are the spokespersons for the product, user testimonials, product demonstrations, research results, and endorsements. Example: Ponds age miracle, in that ad the celebrity Hadiqa Kiani is informing the consumers about the benefits of it. That how the old women can look younger by using it continuously. It will make you fair cream plus it reduces freckles plus it can be used as a sun block as well it will make you look young. To Persuade The other function of advertising is to induce consumers to try new products and to suggest reuse of the product as well as new uses; this is the persuasion function. Advertising provides the incentives to viewers for them to engage in action. This deals with the emotional dimension of the target audience, which concentrates on touching and persuading the consumers rather than informing and apprising them. Example: Fair and lovely Add we know that it will make a girl look fair and prettier in 4 weeks. To Remind The third function of advertising is to provide constant reminders and reinforcements to generate the desired behavior the advertiser wants from them. This is a particularly effective function in the long run as reminders and reinforcements register in the consumers’ minds, becoming the base on which they shape their future decisions. This function of advertising is to provide constant reminders and reinforcements to generate the desired behavior the advertiser wants from them. This is a particularly effective function in the long run as reminders and reinforcements register in the consumers’ minds, becoming the base on which they shape their future decisions. Example: Pepsi cola &Coca cola advertise are the best example. Both the companies don’t need to advertise their product because both companies position in market is very much strong but they advertise just to remind their presence in customer mind. To Adding value Cost and benefit analysis in customers mind and some time make comparison with competitors brand for realizing our customer that what they get while using our product and how much its value for us. Example: The add of sunsilk hijab shows that how much company feel about Muslim women wearing hijab To Assisting Other Company Efforts To increase brand preference and loyalty: Marketing is a moving thing. As your needs are changed your preferences are changed. When the product delivers the promised quality, service and value, it creates satisfied customers who become instrumental in spreading a favorable word-of-mouth. Satisfied customers also develop brand preference; each product features and uses are written on the product. Example: 99% girls who are not married will not look at the ad of pampers or any milk powder for children but when they will get married their interest will automatically move towards such advertisements. Brand loyalty: Brand loyalty is a long-term customer preference for a particular product or service. Brand loyalty can be produced by factors such as customer satisfaction with the performance or price of a specific product or service, or through identifying with a brand image. It can be encouraged by advertising. People often make purchasing decisions based on how a brand makes them feel emotionally rather than based on quality or other objective evaluations. If â€Å"Just Do it† strikes a chord with an athlete, he’ll buy Nike; the decision may have little to do with quality. Example: For instance, when one buys a tube of Colgate toothpaste and finds it ok, one will not have to spend any valuable time on looking for other toothpaste brands.

Inkwell Ltd Intro Essay

Introduction Inkwell Ltd like every other company will need to use accounting in their business. Inkwell are a printer cartridge company who recycle old ones, but then re-manufactures them to give them back to their customers. They are well known for high quality products, with a 100% guarantee product. Obviously they will need a good accounting system to be able to maximise profits, like every other company. With Inkwell working on a just in time system and being a company boasting in the quality of their products, it is essential that they have good relationships with their external stakeholders. Due to working a JIT system, Inkwell will need to maintain a good relationship with suppliers, because if one supplier is late or delays or has reduced quality goods, Inkwells production and be slowed or disrupted very easily. This stall in production can then have a knock on effect to the customers, because the quality of Inkwells cartridges may be reduced. Accounting systems will be affected by the organisational structure, because if a company has a complex structure, it may be very hard and time consuming to get things approved for accounting (investment etc.) which can cause the business to lose out. Also, again the JIT procedure/system can affect the accounting department, because Inkwell will need to make sure the suppliers are paid on time so no disruption to JIT will take place. Business transactions will need to all be done correctly and noted, so they can be placed into the purchase ledger etc. correctly. Accounting plays a vital and pivotal role in the success of every company. The purpose of accounting is to be able to make decisions on where to invest money into the company and which areas to focus on to make costs as low as possible, to be able to maximise profits for the company. This is done by using financial data within in the company to be able to create reports about the company to show the financial position and strength of a company. Also, these reports can show which areas of the company needs investment, improvement or focus. This will have effects on other parts of the company,  because the accounting department and decide where and what amount of money etc. can and will be allocated to different parts of the company. This will then have an effect on these parts of the company, because if the accounting side do not allocate enough resources to other parts of the company, then the company itself may not operate to its full potential. There are many external regulations that affect the accounting practice, such as HMRC regulations which can affect payroll/PAYE, VAT and customs. Also, there can be local authority regulations which can affect planning permission and health and safety, and H&S being more and more worldwide. There are also minimum wage laws and safe disposal regulations which can link into these. This can affect accounting systems and the users, because you will need to abide by these regulations/laws so you do not incur fines etc.. For example, if the VAT rates change, the sales people at the company will need to make sure that when they are preparing for the sale, they take into account the new VAT rate. Payroll will need to be monitored, due to PAYE regulations. Inkwell will need to ensure that they pay everyone for the correct amount of hours they work, as they pay employees per hour. Inkwell are not doing this as yet, as they do not have a clocking in and out system, and the hours are written dow n by the employee, which relies a lot on trusting the employee. Business will use Income statements, cash flows and statement of financial position for many reasons. Cash flows for example will be used so that a rough value of how much cash is available in the business, which can influence whether or not payments will be have to be delayed or debts chased up quicker. Income statements and financial positions can be used to work out various formulas to work out how well a business is operating, and where the business can improve. For example, some costs in parts of the business which are high compared to elsewhere/other businesses could be cut.

Indian Ocean Region Essay

Change and Continuity of Commerce in the Indian Ocean Region from 650 CE to 1750 CE. The Indian Ocean has always been a powerful trading region, between East Africa and China, that has caused religion, crops, languages, and people to spread. Through the rise and fall of powerful land and sea empires, trade routes shifted and control switched hands numerous times over history. The goods have remained fairly constant, compared to the traders and the powers behind them that changed from 650 C.E. to 1750 C.E. Spices, textiles, manufactured goods, and raw goods were staples on the many of the routes that led from the coast of Zimbabwe all the way to the ports of China. Early traders from Polynesia even traveled to Madagascar. With the rise of Islam and of the Mongol Empire, overseas trade slowed slightly because of the importance of the Silk Road as the main connection between China and Europe. However, as the Mongols declined, the Indian Ocean trade became more important to the empires o r kingdoms of China and the regional powers of India. The Chinese Ming Dynasty engaged heavily in foreign trade and they displayed their wealth with giant treasure ships and junks that sailed the day from China through the port of Malacca to the east coast of India. The ships carried silk and porcelain, goods that were in high demand in Europe and Arabia. The ships also picked up spices and hardwoods from Southeast Asian islands. In India, the majority of these goods were sent on dhows to the Arabian Peninsula, stopping at major important ports like Aden, and then continuing on to East Africa and the Swahili Coast states of Mogadishu, Kilwa, and Sofala. The ships sailed according to the monsoons, they then returned loaded with gold and ivory from Africa, to China where the cycle would restart. Eventually states like Gujurat and Calicut grew in importance in manufacturing and the textile production of cotton. The powers around the Indian Ocean remained in control, until the arrival of Europeans in the 16th century. While Silk Road trade with Europe was thriving, Europeans wanted to cut out the Arab middlemen and get direct access to Asian goods. As the tools of navigation developed and new nation-states sought after trade and exploration, Portugal led the continent in the race to Asia. When Vasco da Gama reached India in 1498 by sailing around the tip of Africa, he was greeted with a mocking laughter of people he needed to trade with and was turned down most of the goods he had to trade. The powerful merchants of Gujarat and neighboring states were used to the highest quality goods so they did not want to trade with Gama’s poor quality goods. However, before long, Portugal took over almost all trade in the Indian Ocean, establishing ports like Goa in India and controlling strategic areas with their imperialistic manner. Around the same time, Britain also began its expansion and joined with joint-stock companies like the Dutch East India Company. They proceeded to dominate the region as well, taking land they thought suited their purposes. The sea empires and the cut off of foreign trade by the Ming dynasty did not greatly change the products traded, but did affect the overall trade system. Goods were now produced for the success of mercantilist people in European countries, not for the enrichment of local powers. While the trade routes and the goods that passed through them may not have been greatly changed, the impact of the European trading empires and the decline of nations like India and China changed who benefited from Indian Ocean trade and who were mostly involved.

Teaching of an aspect of mathematics and english education essay

Appraisal for larning ( AfL ) has become slightly of a cant and has been an involvement in instruction for over 20 old ages. Harmonizing to Braodfoot and Black ( 1994 ) appraisal sits at the nucleus of acquisition and serves as a communicative device between the universe of instruction and that of wider society. Since the Education Reform Act ( 1988 ) and coinciding debut of the National Curriculum ( NC ) , the Government has put important accent on appraisal. The NC in England and Wales was created to standardize acquisition, so that the quality of end product in schools could be measured ( Murray, 2003 ) . Therefore the impression of appraisal in order to mensurate criterions was cardinal to its development. In this essay I will critically analyze the beginnings and intent of AfL and so travel on to research how I, as a trainee instructor, implement AfL into my ain instruction. There are a figure of AfL devices that can be used within the schoolroom, from larning aims, ego and peer appraisal, formative usage of summational trials and feedback. Given the restraints with word count I will measure one specific country of AfL that I used during a sequence of three literacy lessons based around Instructions ; oppugning. Subsequent to the debut of the NC, the Task Group for Assessment and Testing ( TGAT ) was developed in order to construct on the NC, planing a system of national testing and instructor appraisal ( DES/WO,1988 ) . The undertaking group study distinguished between summational and formative appraisal: â€Å" Formative, so that the positive accomplishments of a student may be recognised and discussed and the appropriate following stairss may be planned. Summative, for the recording of the overall accomplishment of a student in a systematic manner † ( DES/WO 1988: parity. 23 ) The TGAT argued that formative appraisal was rule in raising criterions ( DES/WO, 1988 ) . However, as Black ( 2000 ) notes, their statement was considered ‘weak ‘ and was mostly ignored in pattern. The usage of summational appraisal prevailed due to the demand for schools to show high criterions of instruction ( Black, 2000 ) . Wiliam ( 2001 ) adds that as a consequence, appraisal became divorced from larning and the immense part that appraisal could do to acquisition was mostly lost. Under the new Labour Government the NC was revised and the Qualifications and Curriculum Authority ( QCA ) determined that students would be assessed and a study would be written at the terminal of each Key Stage. Although there is still a demand for summational appraisal, the comprehensiveness of survey offered by the NC suggests that formative appraisal has an increasing function in back uping acquisition ( NC 2008 ) . More late formative appraisal has been labelled as ‘Assessment f or Learning ‘ ( AfL ) . It was non until Black and Wiliam ( 1998 ) published conclusive grounds that AfL significantly improved students larning that there was a considerable push for execution in schools and hence became an indispensable constituent of schoolroom work ( Black and Wiliam, 1998 ) . As Black et al province few enterprises in instruction have had such a strong organic structure of grounds to back up a claim to raise criterions ( 2004: 9 ) . In its simplest signifier, AfL is described as: â€Å" The procedure of seeking and construing grounds for usage by scholars and their instructors to make up one's mind where the scholars are in their acquisition, where they need to travel and how best to acquire at that place † . ( Assessment Reform Group, 2002 ) The Qualifications and Curriculum Authority ( QCA ) enhance this thought of construing grounds by presenting the impression that AfL enables students to be responsible for their ain acquisition. They add that students will better most if they understand the purpose of their acquisition, where they are in relation to this purpose and how they can accomplish the purpose ( or shut the spread in their cognition ) ( QCA, 2008 ) . Therefore one could reason that AfL encourages independent larning which increases self efficiency beliefs and the capableness to execute ( Pintrich and De Groot, 1990 ) . This relationship is supported by Deci and Ryan ‘s ( 1985 ) Self-government Theory ( SDT ) which purports that if a individual ‘s demand for liberty is satisfied so the motive to better will be intrinsic instead than extrinsic ( Vansteenkiste et al, 2006 ; Deci and Ryan, 2002 ) . Furthermore this correlates with the societal constructivist theory of acquisition and the humanistic do ctrine of larning. Inspired by such theoreticians as Abraham Maslow ( 1954 ) and Carl Rogers ( 1951 ) AfL encourages pupils to hold the ‘freedom to larn ‘ , understand and be cognizant of one ‘s strengths and failings with an built-in belief to win. Maslow ( 1954 ) and Rogers ( 1951 ) argue that intrinsic motive is a more healthy signifier. Reinboth and Duada ( 2004 ) agree, saying that intrinsic motive and desire is associated with increased ego regard, enjoyment, continuity ( Deci and Ryan, 1985 ) and more effectual acquisition ( Gottfried, 1990 ) . The supposed benefits of AfL run throughout instruction, with deductions that kids from a primary age benefit from holding self awareness around their ain acquisition through to those in higher instruction, at College and University. Indeed the Dearing Report ( 1997 ) provinces: â€Å" The universe of work is in continual alteration: persons will progressively necessitate to develop new capablenesss and to pull off their ain development and acquisition throughout life † . ( Dearing, 1997: 12 ) However as Swaffield ( 2008 ) notes assessment is multifaceted and complicated, it comes in a assortment of pretenses, takes many signifiers and fulfils many intents ( 2008: 11 ) . It would look that through the procedure of AfL there is an outlook that scholar ‘s become more confident, independent and independent ( Taras, 2002 ) and therefore the duty for the pupils ‘ acquisition is shared ( Black et al, 2004 ) . Whilst it may look an wholly positive intercession and one that lends itself to a ego reflective, dynamic and empowered larning experience I do question how genuinely realistic AfL is in the schoolroom? Indeed AfL may be desirable, but as Webb and Jones ( 2009 ) inquiry how easy is it for instructors to accomplish? Successful execution of AfL certainly depends on the acquisition attack and instructors ‘ cognition, accomplishments and schemes that they use to transport out complex pedagogical procedures ( 2009: 167 ) . Furthermore is our instruction system is set up for an environment to the full centred on the demands of the person? As Taras ( 2002 ) provinces, do our current patterns maintain gait with our ideals of pupil centred acquisition? ( 2002: 508 ) . Taras raises a valid statement. Is it possible to to the full encompass AfL when our instruction system is designed to fix kids for summational testing at the terminal of each stage of schooling? Given that our instruction system is based upon summational trial scores one could reason that there are assorted messages ; empower scholars so that they understand the roots of their acquisition and take duty for this acquisition yet guarantee that all scholars pass trials on a national degree. On the one manus by promoting AfL it would look that we are accepting and so encompassing the fact that all scholars are different ; larn in different ways and at different velocities. Yet on the other manus, we continue to prove all scholars on a mainstream, national degree and systematically generate degrees and numerical marks for every student. Black and William ( 1998 ) promote the formative usage of summational testing, so instead than seeing proving as a agency of mensurating, ‘it can be used to supply an indicant of students ‘ strengths and development demands, particularly at of import phases of their academic calling ‘ ( Smith, 2010: 4 ) . However one might hold with Taras ( 2002 ) ; our current patterns within instruction certainly do non suit with the ideals upon which AfL are based. Hargreaves ( 2008 ) concurs ; saying that the Government has put in topographic point a ‘debased version of the Black and Wiliam theoretical account of AfL ‘ due to our constricting theoretical account of instruction ( 2008: 1 ) . Although the execution of AfL may be criticised the intent and possible acquisition results are widely accepted. Feedback is important to successful acquisition ( Swaffield, 2008 ; Black and Wiliam, 1998 ) and is arguably one of the most effectual signifiers of educational intercession ( Hattie, 2007 ; Wiliam, 2007 ) . Oral feedback, through inquiring, is less developed than written feedback but can be a powerful manner of giving instant formative feedback to pupils. Furthermore oppugning can work both ways and besides provide instant feedback from the pupil to the instructor. Effective inquiring goes beyond inquiring simple ‘open ‘ inquiries ( as opposed to closed ‘yes ‘ or ‘no ‘ inquiries ) and can be a hard tool to seamlessly implement into the schoolroom. However despite any troubles the DfES ( 2007 ) province a overplus of grounds as to why oppugning offers the chance for a extremely effectual schoolroom where AfL is obviously active. The most outstanding ground cited is that of oppugning holding the ability to enable students to gain what they know and, more significantly, what they partially know and guide them to farther develop their apprehension ( 2007: 2 ) . Black et Al ( 2004 ) agree, adding that oppugning can go portion of the synergistic atmospher of the schoolroom and can supply an priceless chance to widen pupils ‘ thought through immediate feedback on their work ( 2004:12 ) . Crowe and Stanford ( 2010 ) further add that the effectual usage of oppugning creates a ‘dynamic and synergistic duologue ‘ and so utilizing higher degree oppugning and believing ‘predicates the use of information and thoughts which, in bend, provide an chance to develop new thoughts and apprehensions ‘ ( 2010: 36 ) . Mentioning to the lesson sequence overview at appendix 1 ( page 2 ) it is apparent that I intended to utilize oppugning as an imperative appraisal tool as I felt that it would give me an instan t overview and apprehension of the kids ‘s acquisition and how they may be able to come on farther. In add-on I decided to do usage of the single whiteboards ( see appendix 2a and 2b ) when utilizing oppugning as this would let me to measure the category as a whole, instead than merely an single kid that answers a directed inquiry. The usage of oppugning is perceived to hold many advantages. As the Northern Eastern Education and Library Board ( NEELB ) ( 2008 ) and Trinkle ( 2009 ) note set uping the correct schoolroom clime is important to effectual inquiring. Black et Al ( 2004 ) concur ; adding that in order for oppugning to be an effectual AfL device the instructor needs to accommodate a ‘risk taking civilization ‘ and a ‘community of question ‘ ( 2004: 11 ) . Through my ain pattern I strived to make this inclusive community, guaranting that I included all kids and made them experience valued and comfy to portion their ain ideas and thoughts. I was happy for kids to give a ‘wrong ‘ reply and by researching why the reply may non be right, as opposed to merely stating ‘no ‘ , I felt that this contributed to a supportive and encouraging schoolroom environment. Rae and Nelson ( 2010 ) agree, emphasizing the importance of making a collaborative acquisition environm ent otherwise the fright of acquiring a inquiry incorrect and looking like a failure in forepart of their equals will deter scholars from seting their manus up or replying a inquiry if selected. As shown on my programs in appendix 2a, 2b and 2c I pre-empted inquiries that I felt would be relevant to the kids and would foreground whether or non the kids had listened, understood and interpreted the information given about instructions. I thought approximately unfastened inquiries yet was really cognizant of the age of my category and was hence witting non to inquire inquiries that may confound them. Looking at the inquiries I had planned at appendix 2a, Rogers and Abell ( 2008 ) would knock me for non incorporating multi degree oppugning. On the most basic degree inquiries such as ‘what are instructions? ‘ , ‘how are they used? ‘ and ‘what happens if the instructions are non in the right order ‘ are all unfastened inquiries and do so necessitate the scholar to believe about an reply which goes beyond merely ‘yes or ‘no ‘ . However they are all comprehension inquiries. Whilst comprehensive inquiries demonstrate that the kids show apprehension of information callback and can set this information in their ain words ( Crowe and Stanford, 2010 ) on a more holistic degree I have non utilised the different types and degrees of inquiries ( cognition, comprehension. application, analysis, rating, and synthesis ) to back up my systematic development of oppugning schemes ( Hill and Flynn, 2008 ) . As Anderson and Krathwohl ( 2000 ) province I have fallen in to a common trap ; teacher ‘s frequently do non gain the types or qualities of inquiries that they use. To better upon this in the hereafter, Costa ( 2000 ) suggests that developing a broad scope of oppugning schemes that include a diverseness of inquiry types will heighten the acquisition environment and let for distinction within the learning procedure. There are a figure of ways in which this may be achieved. Clarke ( 2005 ) proposes utilizing Edward De Bono ‘s Six Thinking Hats, with each chapeau being linked to a different thought scheme and therefore a different manner of oppugning. For illustration White Hat believing involves informations and information presented neutrally, so inquiries would include ‘what information is losing? ‘ Black Hat believing involves being defensive and cautious, so inquiries would include ‘why would this non work? ‘ I could besides hold thought about Blooms Taxonomy ( 1956 ) to develop a broader scope of oppugning types. The foundation work of Bloom ‘s taxonomy divides educational aims into three separate spheres, cognitive, affectional and psycho-motor and hence encourages a focal point towards a more holistic position of instruction. Using Bloom as a stimulation would promote one to believe about the different spheres and how to integrate these into the types of oppugning used. As Black et Al ( 2004 ) recognise, utilizing a assortment of inquiry types allows scholars to go more active participants and come to gain that acquisition may depend less on their capacity to descry the right reply and more on their preparedness to show and discourse their ain apprehension ( 2004: 13 ) . Upon farther contemplation of my ain usage of oppugning I noticed that I tended to inquire a inquiry and so merely wait for a few seconds before either inquiring another kid or, on occasion, replying the inquiry myself if that kid had non responded. Rowe and Hill ( 1996 ) note that this is a common happening in the usage of inquiring, and in fact their survey on oppugning concluded that on norm instructor ‘s waited less than a 2nd before they intervened. Black et Al ( 2004 ) argue that the effect of such short ‘wait clip ‘ is that the lone inquiries that ‘work ‘ are those that can be answered rapidly, without idea ; that is, inquiries naming for memorised facts. As a consequence the duologue is at a superficial degree ( 2004: 11 ) . Harmonizing to the NEELB ( 2008 ) there are a figure of schemes that I could set in topographic point which would supply scholars with critical thought clip and therefore they would be better placed to react. Immediately, one scheme would be to increase the wait clip ( Black et al, 2003 ; Taras, 2009 ; Crowe and Stanford, 2010 ) . Swaffield ( 2008 ) explains that this would let scholars the critical clip they need to reply the inquiry, would ensue in fewer ‘I do n't cognize ‘ , would bring forth more thoughtful and originative replies and would profit all scholars, no affair their ability. Black et Al ( 2004 ) note that many instructors find it difficult to make this, for it requires them to interrupt their established wonts. However once they change, the outlooks of their pupils are challenged ( 2004: 11 ) . Other schemes, supported by Trincani and Crozier ( 2007 ) and the NEELB ( 2008 ) , include affecting the whole category instead than merely one person, walking around the room whilst inquiring inquiries ( this takes the force per unit area off an person ) , utilizing a ‘no hands up ‘ attack ( this would promote all scholars to remain engaged for longer ) and eventually utili zing the ‘think, brace, portion ‘ scheme to affect the whole category and give those scholars who are somewhat shyer the chance to take part. As Taras ( 2009 ) states incorporating these schemes create a displacement in the inquiring model. Learning moves from a behavioristic theory where factual callback was prioritised, to a societal constructivist position taken from cognitive psychological science, where a complex model of factors within a given context permits scholars to research their ain apprehension ( 2009: 64 ) . Atkins et Al ( 1993 ) agree, observing that this would besides look to match to ‘deep ‘ larning as opposed to ‘surface ‘ acquisition ( 1993: 50 ) . To reason AfL plays a polar function in the schoolroom, and so literature emphasises the importance of AfL as a procedure to increase students ‘ duty for their ain acquisition ( DfES 2007 ) . This essay has critically explored the intent of AfL, foregrounding the disagreements between the Government push for AfL to be used throughout instruction yet within a system which still relies to a great extent on summational testing. I have analysed my ain usage of one component of AfL ; oppugning, and can reason that it is a powerful device that has several benefits for the instructor. Questioning has the ability to arouse kids ‘s ‘ understanding, make an environment that encourages hazard pickings, contributes to classroom interaction and promotes larning and enthusiasm. However in order to to the full accomplish these benefits one must carefully see and reflect upon the nature of inquiries used and actively program to implement the usage of multi flat inquiries as portion of their lesson planning ( Anderson & A ; Krathwohl, 2000 ; Hill & A ; Flynn, 2008 ) . As I progress as a instructor I will now take more clip to see the usage of oppugning so that I guarantee that I am maximizing its full potency.

Online Hotel reservation Essay

INTRODUCTION Over the years, the internet has greatly changed the way people use computers and communicate today. Many Internet terms have become part of people’s everyday language and e-mail has added a whole new means through which people can communicate. By the turn of the century, information, including access to the Internet, will be the basis for personal, economic, and political advancement. The popular name for the Internet is the information superhighway. Whether you want to find the latest financial news, browse through library catalogs, exchange information with colleagues, or join in a lively political debate, the Internet is the tool that will take you beyond telephones, faxes, and isolated computers to a burgeoning networked information frontier. The pace of change brought about by new technologies has had a significant effect on the way people live and work worldwide. New and emerging technologies challenge the traditional process of teaching and learning, and the way education is managed. Information technology, while an important area of study in its own right, is having a major impact across all curriculum areas. As internet technology has improved, so have online reservation systems. Today, it is possible through online, to make a reservation for a hotel anywhere in the world. Hotels can create Web site and post new content on it every day. Technology has gone a long way, improving the lives of people. These technological breakthroughs have lots to offer, making great things in the easiest, fastest and efficient possible ways you can think of. Online hotel Reservation is very useful for the people especially for socials that they can now easily reserve a room in a hotel through online Internet. Easy worldwide communication provides instant access to a vast array of data. Project Overview Project Statement The hotel reservation system will provide service to on-line customers, travel agents, and an administrator. On-line customers and travel agents can make searches, reservations and cancel an existing reservation on the hotel reservation’s web site. Administrator can add/update the hotel and the room information approve/disapprove a new travel agent’s account application and  generate a monthly occupancy rate report for each hotel. Literature review The design of travel and tourism websites has received substantial attention by scholars (e.g.Schegg et al., 2002; Law and Leung, 2002; Law andWong, 2003; Scharl, Wà ¶ber and Bauer, 2003; Landvogt, 2004; So and Morrison, 2004; Essawy, 2005; Jeong et al., 2005; Law and Hsu,2006;Zafiropoulos and Vrana, 2006; Schmidt, Cantallops, and dos Santos, 2007).Landvogt (2004) evaluates several online booking engines over 23 differentcriteria, like overall user friendliness, payment method, instant confirmation,reliability, and invoicing function among others. These criteria present some ofsystem’s functions and design principles discussed furtherin current paper.In their study Jeong et al. (2005) find that only two characteristics ofhotel websites (information completeness and ease of use) are importantdeterminants of perceived website quality. These results are bewildering asmost studies identify more dimensions of perceived service quality to besignificant for website users. Law and Hsu (2006), for example, assess thedimensions of hotel websites (information regarding the reservation, hotelfacilities, contact details of the property, surrounding area and websitemanagement) and attributes in each dimension mostly valued by online users.Some of the most important website attributes are found to be the room rates,availability and security of payments (in the reservation informationdimension), the location maps, hotel and room amenities (in facilitiesinformation), telephone, address and e-mail of the hotel (for contactinformation), transportation to the hotel, airports and sights (for surroundingarea information), and up-to-date information, multilingual site and shortdownload time (for website management). So and Morrison (2004) applysimilar criteria for website evaluation as the preceding study but they groupthem into technical, marketing, consumer perspective and destinationinformation perspective criteria.Essawy (2005) focuses on website usability and shows that severeusability problems with interface quality, information quality, and servicequality affect negatively the purchase and revisit intentions of website users.The author identifies some of the practical tools/activities for increasing users’perceived satisfaction, purchase intention, and potential relationship building –exchanging links  with local points of interest, shorter/simpler pathways toleisure breaks, greater depth of information for room facilities and pricing,providing proactive interactions, and avoiding third-party reservation systems. In similar vein, Scharl, Wà ¶ber and Bauer (2003) assess the effectiveness ofhotel websites. Authors identify personal, system and media factors thatcontribute to hotel website adoption. In the system factors group, that is morecontrollable by the hotel management compared to personal and media factors,they identify the perceived utility of the product, speed of the system,intelligence, layout, services, languages, navigation, interactivity, reliability ofthe system.Research has also shown that trust is an important dimension of websitedevelopment (Fam, Foscht and Collins, 2004; Chen, 2006; Wu and Chang, 2006). If consumers do not trust the website they will not visit it, or will nottransform their visits into real purchases.Although much effort has been put towards evaluating the design oftourism websites and the identification of website attributes highly valued bycustomers, there is a gap in the research in the OHRS design and its specificproblems have not received enough attention in previous research with fewnotable exceptions. In series of reports Bainbridge (2002, 2003a, 2003b)discusses the practical aspects of the OHRS design (the search option in thesystems, the booking process and the date format), while Ivanov (2002, 2005)discusses the types and main characteristics of OHRSs and the major marketingdecisions to be taken by the marketing managers in their design. The review of available literature on the tourism / hotel website and OHRS design reveals the following conclusions:  · Website users are interested in easy navigation through the system.  · They want abundance of information for the services offered in textand pictures.  · Trust is vital for the usage of the system.  · Website design can significantly influence the online experience of theusers and their purchase intentions.  · Website design itself does not guarantee online purchases but it is theperceived utility of the product that attracts customers. Demographic characteristics and Internet Usage Behaviour Education level, age, income,and occupation have been found to be significantly different among Internet users. Bonn etal.(1998)[15] study showed that those who use the Internet as a travel information-gathering tool are likely to bemore educated, younger, with higher household incomes, use commercial lodging accommodations while traveling, tend to travel by air and spend more money on travel-related expenses. Weber and Roehl’s (1999)[16] study shows similar results. They found that online travel purchasers are more likely to be people who are aged 26-55, with higherincomes, with higher status occupations, and have more years of experience with the Internet than those who do not search or purchase online. The Asian demographic patterns of online purchasers tend to mirror their Western profiles. According tostudies carried out by Technowledge Asia in 1999 and 2000, cybershoppers in the four Asian regions (Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Malaysia) were found to be mainly males, in the age group of 26 to 35 years and better educated. Hence, it has been shown that an individual’s educational level may affect their susceptibility to attitude change. Intelligent people understandcomplex messages better, and as a result, persuasion by complex messages is more likely. In addition, an individual’s educational level is alsopartially a measure of their socioeconomic status. Weber and Roehl (1999)[16] study found that Internet â€Å"bookers† were more likely to have used the Internet for 4 years. Other researchers confirmed that Internet bookers spend more time online per week than those booking offline (Weber and Roehl ,1999)[16]. Finally, the intention to shop online is also influenced by consumers’ Internet shopping history (Shim et al., 2001)[17]. It is demonstrated by pastresearch findings that prior online shoppingexperiences have a direct impact on Internet shopping intentions (Weber and Roehl, 1999)[16]. There have been other studies that have supported online experience or tenure as key determinant of onlinebuying behavior (Bellman, Lohse, and Johnson, 1999[18] and Beldona et al, 2004)[19]. Findings indicate that the greater the number of years the user spent online combined with higher frequency of Internet usage; the greater was the likelihood of buying (Bellman et al., 1999[18]; Weber and Roehl, 1999[16] and Beldona et al 2004)[19]. Alwitt and Hamer (2000)[20] posit that consumers increase  their control with more time spent on the Internet, and in turn develop finer expectations of their interactions with businesses in general. Hammond, McWilliam, and Diaz (1998)[21] of users’ attitudes towards the Web. Based from the literature review of the Internet users,it is noticeable that Internet users are better educated, higher incomes, higher status occupations, have more online experience, use commercial lodging accommodations while travelling and tend to travel by air. In Malaysia, one of the profiles that had an early exposure to the culture of using the Internetfor personal and professional reasons was university residents. These may consist of students, administrators and lecturers. However, university staffs are more likely to fit the profiles of the Internet users (in terms of purchasing) due to their financial capability and mobility. Consequently, this leads to: H1 : There is a relationship between the university   staffs’ demographic factors and the determinants of  online hotel reservation H2 : There is a relationship between the university   staffs’ Internet usage behavior and the determinants of online hotel reservation

The use and impact of local quality management in the UK telecom Essay

The use and impact of local quality management in the UK telecom business sector - Essay Example The aim of the research study is ‘to identify and explore the impact of the total quality management on the businesses operating in United Kingdom with special focus on the telecom industry. Dale has presented the idea that it is really important for the organisations to manage the quality of the operations and business process. At the same time Omachonu and Ross, defined the total quality management as one the widely used management approach by the organisations in order to reduce the defects and wastages from the business processes. This in turn allows the organisation to provide the end customers with the high quality products and satisfy them. There are several factors and elements which should be considered before implementing different total quality management techniques and methods. It is important for the organisations to understand different factors which directly influence the process of total quality management. Only in this way, the organisations will able to reap t he benefits of total quality management. Jonier in his research study have highlighted the role of organisation and co-worker support in the process of total quality management implementation and have showed its impact on the organisation performance. According to him, the support from staff and top management is required in order to make sure that the full advantages of total quality management can be enjoyed by the organisation. The total quality management is also directly related with the workplace attitudes. The research study of Sommer and Merritt (1994), presented that the intervention by the total quality management techniques and methods considerably influence the workplace attitudes of the employees. It is important for the top management to involve the employees in the process of change and implement the total quality management with their consent. In this way there will be less resistance on part of the employees and there will be high possibility that the implementation of the total quality management technique will be a success. In the similar manner, Yue, Ooi, and Keong (2011), presented the idea that the people related total quality management practices allow the organization to improve the job satisfaction among the employees and in turn reduce the turnover ratio. Because of increasing job satisfaction the employees tend to give their best performance and this as a result increase the overall performance and growth of the organisation. It is important to identify the appropriate steps of the total qual

Critical Evaluation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Critical Evaluation - Research Paper Example One of Twains argument to disapprove Darwin’s theory is that anaconda is less cruel as compared to an earl. He gives an example of an earl killing seventy-two buffaloes during a hunt and eating only a part of one of the buffaloes and leaves the other to rot. In his attempt to demonstrate that an anaconda was less, cruel he puts seven calves in his cage, and the reptile crushes only one, eats it, and shows no interest in the rest. Twain argument is that man kills for pleasure. This example is not sufficient, since he does not experiment with other animals such as elephants that at times kill while they are not carnivores (Wrangham and Peterson 131). Additionally, 120 sheep were found dead on August 2009, near Dillon in Montana and had been killed by a pack of wolves most of which were untouched and left to rot (Byron Web). Another example is that of Dolphins which often kill for fun (Yubi Shines Web). Moreover, coyotes also kill chicken but end up feeding on the head only. Thes e are just a few examples to demonstrate that some animals are just as wasteful as the earl mentioned in Twain’s essay. They are not any better than man is. ... On the other hand, â€Å"Man is the only one that gathers his brethren about him and goes forth in cold blood and with calm pulse to exterminate his kind† (Twain 219). Twain did not conduct extensive studies and he failed to recognize how ants gather in forces and attack anyone who challenges their borders. Some species of ants have territorial wars where they engage in fight and the winning colony takes the other for slaves. Indeed, there are certain types of ants known to make slaves even in absence of war. They thus invade colonies, steal eggs, and carry them to their nest to hatch into slave ants (Wilson 370). Animals like lions cannot be considered better to man since male lions often challenge each other. If a male lion succeeds in challenging a fellow lion to become the â€Å"king’, it involves in act such as killing the cubs of the former â€Å"king† (Wrangham and Peterson 160). Other animal species known to engage in war include mares. If a mare joins a herd and is already pregnant, the stallion kills the foal after it has been born. Moreover, chicken have been known to attack and kill fellow chicken they consider different from them. Although humans have demonstrated ruthlessness through their actions, he is not the only species that does so and is thus not the least developed as Twain argues. Moreover, humans have the ability to learn from experiences and avoid some activities. On the contrary, animal repeat their actions through history. At times war against humans is for a cause while animal engage in war for no specific gains. Moreover, man learns to improve his life as well as that of others. This can be demonstrated by the development of America through history where humans gain more

Primary Source Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Primary Source Analysis - Assignment Example The author seems to be the type of a person who has the feeling that the society from which he comes as it is more superior to the other communities. The author expresses biasness in the story by telling us that when the middle kingdom loses its rites; we have to look at them within the four barbarians. The statement expresses his biasness (Kim 7). There are several lessons that the story PuyÃ…  tells, these include strict cultural practices, beliefs and customs that we learn from his story, the writer puts forward the main economic activity of the barbarians by telling us how they have a suitable land for cultivation. The writer also highlights on various punishments given by the society when they have marriage issues, the issue of wife inheritance is also prevalent in some communities, and the writer puts it very clear. The story also talks about religious practices done by some communities in various times like before going to war. The story also talks about the society that keeps animals and how good some of these communities are at the practice (Kim

Seven Birds for Seven Brothers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Seven Birds for Seven Brothers - Essay Example 3. From the musical, gender relations have been demonstrated in the movie where the females are expected to be well-behaved. The girls were expected to be good cooks and carry themselves with dignity. Males, on the other hand, are expected to be hard working and provider in the family. The setting of this musical shows â€Å"man’s world†. For instance, Fred Bixby owns store while his wife works with him. Milly works in a local bar where she is expected clean after the customers. 4. The clips on youtube of the Seven Brides for Seven Brothers have captured the spirit of the original movie to the extent where they create a clear picture of the original film. The musical numbers used are appropriate for the scenes. The filmed musical uses location and beautiful scenery to try and bring out which would be impossible in a live musical. 5. My favorite musical number is Bless Yore Beautiful Hide. It talks of what kind a wife, Adam. The song brings out the qualities of a woman Adam would like. From the song, one can tell the performer is looking for a wife to

Planning and visualization (civil engineering ) Assignment

Planning and visualization (civil engineering ) - Assignment Example developing a project using As Late as Possible (ALAP) method will make all the tasks critical tasks and hence include all tasks in the project’s critical path. In essence, this method implies that all tasks will be sent to start at a date that will not affect the dependent task but will also not leave any room for delays. For every task, the late start date is the last date the project is expected to be ready, less the duration the task is expected to complete in order to be ready. Resource leveling often involves consideration of predecessors and successors as well as a number of other constraints. Consequently, when unskilled resources are insufficient to allow start of task at its LST, a delay beyond LST may be warranted. This ensures that the existing resources are used within the task without the need for either over-allocation, or extra expenditure on unskilled labor. In essence, these delays will lead to outright extension of the project’s duration. However, where the last start date is calculated as the latest possible date for the task’s start where all its successors and predecessors are also started and ended of their last start and end dates, the project end date may remain unaltered. However, for fixed task duration, where a successor task experiences delay, the delay is fa ctored into a date in LST. Task scheduling involves resource leveling process which is helpful in resolution of the problem of resource over-allocation by delaying tasks until the assigned resources becomes available to work on it. In the absence of resource leveling, plan schedule is accomplished using information such as task plan dates, as well as constraints and dependencies of individual task items. Resource leveling introduces the question of resource availability in calculation of time. Organization benefits from avoidance of conflicts and untimely delivery. Consequently, resource leveling is a very important process. Over-allocation of resources is a major cause of

Reflect on the assessment process you use in your own teaching, Essay

Reflect on the assessment process you use in your own teaching, explain using approprite assessment terminology and theories - Essay Example There are about 30-35 adult learners from a mixed diverse group. This group is quite interactive although some have been out of education for a very long time. They require simple and clear explanation. There is a mixture of male and female. During the session learner may require explanation repeatedly. They are quite responsive and have to keep them focus to the lesson. I will also focus on applying learning theories to encourage learners and promote their understanding by modelling and reinforcement of existing knowledge that they have. This session relate to the module by having an understanding of my role and responsibilities as a lecturer. It gives an opportunity to apply learning theories to enhance teaching and learning. It is also related in terms of my lesson planning; structuring my session by recognising learner’s needs and apply relevant learning theories to promote learner’s understanding and learning through observation and modelling. To introduce the four models of working in Partnership in Health and Social Care. Make learners understand the relationships and significance between the four models of working in partnership. Ensure learners understand local strategic partnership and local area agreement. Delivery of lecture and explanation, assessing their knowledge through formal assessment, question and answers and group discussion. With my group of learners I make sure my power point presentation is very clear, ask questions throughout the lecture, group discussion in order to keep them interactive, get all learners involve and concentrate. I will use examples in order to make them reflect on their practice and previous lecture. I also give them more explanation and definition of key words used in the text. This is because some of my learners are non native speakers. I will build learner’s confidence by praising them and encourage them to interact in class activities. I will also

Research Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Research Proposal - Essay Example Either consciously or unconsciously these variables influence on residents’ health behaviour significantly. Urban planning and design may affect human personality and its behaviour in multiple ways: to a greater or lesser extent all people are the products of their areas. Already in the late XIX century French sociologist F. Siegfried defined that there are several major cleavages in society that affect human mentalities and behaviour. The most important of these cleavages was the one between cities and towns. Presumably, city planning may be one of the most important factors that determine differences between the residents. Intensification of city’s life on human mentality and behaviour requires, hence, more in-depth analysis. Speaking from this perspective, favourable or unfavourable planning may shape people’s health behaviour and, respectively evil or good health habits. Statistic shows that percentage of children-smokers may be higher in the neighbourhoods where the average percent of smokers is greater. People who live in more favourable areas may be more devoted walking, running or outdoor activities than those who live outside the recreation options. Observing Suarez (2000) narrow streets, wide sidewalks, and accessibility of commercial to residential areas make walking easier and much more pleasant. Reversely, poor street design with garages, fences and plenty of barriers for neighbour-to-neighbour communication have altogether negative effect on human health behaviour. Besides, the areas with worse transportation systems, poor night lighting, etc. may be in their turn more dangerous for the residents and have higher criminal statistics. In this project I will attempt to study the correlation between area’s night lighting and criminal rate. A number of disciplines, including criminology, sociology, psychology and architecture, seek to explain crime from their particular perspectives. Many of

Reduce your excessive consumption of paper and contribute with the Essay

Reduce your excessive consumption of paper and contribute with the environment and community - Essay Example However, there are alternatives to using excessive amounts of paper. Such alternatives are using both sides of the paper, or simply received documents online instead of taking up paper. The government needs to take the lead in combating unnecessary paper consumption by offering incentives to those who are environmentally friendly. Another way that the government can have an effect is to implement laws to reduce paper consumption. Paper manufacturing occurs in many different parts of the world and has a number of impacts on the environment. One of these impacts is how it affects the planet, because paper manufacturing is an extremely energy intensive process. About half of the total energy used is in the pulping process, in addition to rolling and drying the pulp into paper. In 1973, the amount of energy needed to make one ream (500 sheets) of copy paper was equal to 3.7 gallons of gasoline. Because of today’s advanced technologies, the energy used to make the same amount of pa per takes up just two gallons of gasoline (Zaida, 2000). According to the U.S. Toxic Release Inventory Report published by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), pulp and paper mills are among the worst polluters to air, water, and land of any industry in the country (Martin, 2010). The principal concern for the industry is the chemicals that are used for this process, such as chlorine-based bleaches and the resultant toxic emissions to the air, water, and soil. Almost 4 billion trees or 35 percent of the total trees cut around the world are used in paper industries on every continent (Martin, 2010). We use paper in many different ways—tissue paper, cardboard packaging, stereo speakers, electrical plugs, home insulation, and in the sole inserts in tennis shoes. In short, paper is everywhere. The percentage of paper consumption is growing every year in conjunction with an increasing population. However, there are alternatives to preventing the excessive consumption of paper. One of these choices is to use both sides of print paper. This is one way to help save Mother Earth without having to join Greenpeace or start holding protest marches in your neighborhood. If your information is irrelevant and does not require formality, the information may be printed on both sides of the paper, not only to avoid the high consumption of energy and the harmful chemicals to nature, but also to save money for the cost of purchasing of paper (Arkin, 2010).   Another method is to take your name off mailing lists. It is estimated that over 700 million tons of mail is created each year via mailing lists and direct mailings (â€Å"Ways,† 2011). Contacting the Direct Marketing Association (DMA) and registering with their Mail Preference Service provides an effective way for you to fight unwanted junk mail. The DMA does not provide marketers with consumer mailing lists or carry out consumer mailings. You should avoid joining mailing lists by taking the precau tion of not sending a form with your name and address to anyone. When filling out a form, such as a warranty, subscription, raffle, customer information card, credit card application, and membership for an organization, add the phrase "please do not rent, sell, or trade my name or address" next to the other information provided. The sales representative will then identify your name and preference in their computer. Yet another way to fight excessive paper consumption

Cons of Underage Drinking Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cons of Underage Drinking - Research Paper Example As such, the position of this researcher is not to advocate that drinking laws be abolished or that law enforcement entirely ignores such an issue, it is to say that the laws regarding its treatment should be seriously reworked and rethought as a function of the greater good for society at large (Reboussin et al 891). Due to the overall loss and manpower of the authorities that are wasted on what can otherwise be considered a nominal crime, it is the recommendation of this author that the United States pursue drinking laws that more effectively mirror the successful and widely implemented drinking laws that Europe enjoys. With respect to the actual age of being able to buy and imbibe alcoholic beverages, this too should be a function of similar laws which define when an individual can vote, can engage in sexual relations, and can join the military in service of their country. Having an outdated law which requires young people to be 3 years older than his necessary to volunteer to fig ht and die for one’s own country as well as to vote is the epitome of a short-sighted and irresponsible law that should be changed to reflect a more thoughtful and reasonable society. Furthermore, as a way to ensure that individuals will take the responsibility they have been granted with a degree of seriousness, some of the money that will doubtless be saved as a result of the fact that law enforcement entities no longer need to police such actions for individuals over the age of 18, programs should be instituted within health classes nationwide to educate students as to the power of responsibility with relation to the choices they will be... This essay approves that the drinking laws which are currently in place within the judicial system do little if anything to actually deter the practice. Instead, it could be argued that they merely provide a means by which individuals circumvent the law in a manner that drives the activity underground where the requisite authorities cannot hope to regulate it in any way shape or form. Although the purpose of this brief essay is not to claim that a number of laws should be disregarded merely due to the fact that by placing legal constraints on individuals they will find alternate means to the activity in question; rather, due to the fact that underage drinking is an infraction that takes place both inside and outside of the law, it is of little moral worth to criminalize it to such an extent and bog the legal system down with frivolous cases that are oftentimes victimless crimes. This report makes a conclusion that merely changing the law is not enough to effect real and lasting change with relation to the issue. However, changing the law while at the same time educating individuals as to their new rights and the corresponding responsibilities that come with them while at the same time having the prospect to save the criminal justice system tens of thousands of man hours ever year is highly desirable in terms of cost which will be saved while affecting little change in the drinking habits of those individuals affected. Additionally, it is noteworthy to point out that the prescriptions that have been denoted within this brief essay point strongly and convincingly towards the model of moral responsibility that should be adopted by the individual as opposed to being forced on society in the form of a plethora of laws governing such behavior.

Googles Organizational Culture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Googles Organizational Culture - Research Paper Example Google has always stood up for its role while bringing about a difference on how people are able to access information with ease. Before its entrance into the market, a variety of search engines existed such as Yahoo but has for one reason prevailed above them as most people seek its services in preference to others. This is due to its efficiency as well as relevance in the market now that it has tried to adopt a model keen on capitalizing on all the present opportunities in the market. One of the greatest advantages derived from it is due to its speed and reliability. While trying to keep abreast with technology a move to hire the best skill was welcomed. So as to maintain their motivation a step to reward staff has helped to a great deal now that all are trying their best while enhancing the overall outcome. The management thus no longer needs to struggle more as is the norm in most organizations leading to a relaxed workplace sparing creativity as all pursue what they love. In mos t formal organization one is expected to put on an official dress; casuals dress is sometimes worn only on festive seasons but isn’t the case in Google owing to staffs putting on casuals at any one point. Some are likely to be seen with skating boards as well as other gaming types of equipment and tools and has to a great extent helped while creating a relaxed mood (Wakefield, Blegen, Uden-Holman, Vaughn, Chrischilles & Wakefield). It thus emerges that perhaps the best way to encourage productivity is by availing such an environment.

The story of an hour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The story of an hour - Essay Example It was not a glance of reflection, but rather indicated a suspension of intelligent thought.† The newly bereaved widow goes from deep despair to unspeakable joy while looking out a window. The writer/narrator does not appear to view marriage favorably, but as a self-limiting trap. Lives of â€Å"quiet desperation† (Henry David Thoreau) is also for women. Consider the following: The monstrous joy †¦She knew that she would weep again when she saw the kind, tender hands folded in death...But she saw beyond that bitter moment a long procession of years to come that would belong to her absolutely †¦ And yet she had loved him--sometimes. Often she had not. She cared for her husband, she missed him, but â€Å"Spring days, and summer days, and all sorts of days that would be her own. She breathed a quick prayer that life might be long. It was only yesterday she had thought with a shudder that life might be long.† Mrs. Mallard looks forward to the future until a key turns in the lock, bringing about her own fatal heart attack. The irony is apparent. Did she die of shock at seeing the living apparition, or because of instant sadness of knowing he was still alive?

Integrated Marketing Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Integrated Marketing Communication - Essay Example The promotional strategies used by the companies are essential to communicate with the target customers regarding the products that are launched by the company. The study aims at evaluating the importance of salesperson in an organization and also to understand the effectiveness of advertising a product. The research offers a scope to develop a policy in order to remain ethical in the advertising practices of a company. A good salesmanship is necessary for a company to promote its goods and services that have been newly launched and to create awareness among the buyers regarding the invention (Holm, 2006). A good salesmanship involves maintaining a good relationship with the customers so that the customers develop a brand loyalty for the product. The personality of the salesman should be such that they are successful in convincing the customers to purchase the products and also to visit the outlets regularly. The process of advertising facilitates the personal selling and the responsibility of the sales person becomes easier in case the customers have the knowledge regarding the product (Reid, 2005). The personality of the salesman helps in attracting new customers and enhancing the goodwill of the company. A more knowledgeable sale person is an ultimate requirement of the company and it also increases the possibility of bringing success to the company. The type of sales promotion varies based on the products that are launched in the international market. For example, Maruti Suzuki has launched a new model of car that is highly fuel efficient and it would be beneficial for the customers. However, for carrying out the promotional activities, the company has to train the salesperson regarding the features of the new model.

The History Of Women And Science Research Paper

The History Of Women And Science - Research Paper Example One of the earliest women known in science was Hypatia and was a mathematician and an astrologer. She lived in Alexandria in the 4th century. She followed her father who was a professor of mathematics and philosophy. As states, students flocked into her classes to listen to her lectures. Hypatia wrote several mathematical texts. However, the texts that she wrote were destroyed when the library at the Alexandria University was sacked and burnt down. Hypatia was well respected for her contributions to science. However, she was murdered for her participation in political struggles between the Neo-Platonists and the Christians. When the modern science emerged in the 17th century, the institutional base of science shifted. Several societies were established during the seventeenth century, such as the Royal Society of London and the Academie des Sciences in Paris (Schlesinger 25).However, women were not allowed to participate in these societies for a period of about 300 years. Evidence fro m the seventeenth and eighteenth century reveals that a significant number of women were active in science and were waiting to take their place in the new institutions of science. For instance, Maria Winkelmann who was a German Philosopher was one of those women. Of all the people who were working in the fields of science, in Germany, only 14 percent were women. During that time, it was problematic for women to perform activities while in the field of science.  For instance, Winkelmann was forced to publish her astronomical work.

Terrorist Threats and Counterterrorism Response to a Terrorist Attack Essay

Terrorist Threats and Counterterrorism Response to a Terrorist Attack - Essay Example The use of unmanned aerial predator and reaper drones is seen as a new approach in counterterrorism has changed how the US combats terrorism. President Obama’s administration has been able to ratchet the drone program as opposed to the previous U.S. administration. He has managed to authorize more than hundred drone strikes worldwide mostly around the borders of Afghanistan and Pakistan according to Bures and BureÃ… ¡ (2011). Despite the controversy, facing this operation, to a great extent, the American drones since 9/11 have been successful. The current research on counterterrorism builds its debate on two approaches: the war model and the criminal justice model. The war (military) model tends to structure the efforts against terrorism in terms of the military of an enemy-centric war. In such an event, the armed forces of the state are mainly responsible for developing counterterrorism plans. The criminal justice model advocates for the rule of law and democratic principles in counterterrorism. It has been suggested that viewing counterterrorism in terms of hard and soft power is very important. This advocates for a direct and indirect tactic in counterterrorism. Some of the strategies applied after 9/1 such as the drone strike have become popular and consistent since then. However, a change is being considered on the technique as it can lead to the loss of many innocent lives as well as collateral damage to property and infrustructure. The strategy is also seen to violate the sovereignty of some states like Pakistan. For successful response to terrorism, the U.S. should consider to minimize on its enemies and maximize on its allies. This element will be achieved by reestablishing and empowering their traditional alliances as stated by Gebicke (1999). The U.S. government has also considered softening the appeal of Muslim federalism, which will be achieved by diminishing the levels of moderate Muslim indifferences. The US

Identifying stakeholders and Interest Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Identifying stakeholders and Interest - Article Example Therefore, because of their contributions towards educational provisions in the district, parents will be involved in the formulation of this policy. It will directly affect them because it concerns the safety of their children. Meaning, their input will be required (May, S. & S. Aikman, 2003). Before making any final decision, the parents will have to be consulted, if they approve the new policy, it will be enforced. They know what is good for their children hence, they can not be overlooked. The police department will have to be incorporated as a party to this policy. Their contributions are important. As professional law enforcers, they have a wider knowledge on how the issue of pupil security can be tackled. Hence, it implies that they must be consulted anything is done. Meaning, their suggestions will be taken into account and given a lot of considerations. If they object to it, necessary amendments will be made in order to refine it and make it be up to the required standard. As community elected leaders, the politicians will have to be considered as part of the stakeholders. Both the local civic leaders, senators and the congressmen will have to be consulted. As opinion leaders, the politicians will be included because they are representatives and can speak on behalf of the larger community (Bruce S., 2007). In this regard, they will be urged to participate in the drafting of this new policy since it will have to affect them. As people’s representatives, it is their responsibility to support educational provisions in their areas of jurisdiction. However, everyone knows that such a goal can not be accomplished if there is no safety both within and out of schools. Before making such a new policy, the school management boards will have to be consulted. As school managers, they have a lot of say on whatever activity that happens in schools. They must be involved in the formulation of this new policy because it will affect the success of their schools. They

Charles Dickens Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Charles Dickens - Research Paper Example Dickens was a highly influential personality in the social reforms of Victorian England and his thoughts and ideas were infused with a keen sense of observation that clearly reflected the liberalism of the thirties. In all of his literary works he projected a great power over human emotions with an incomparable measure of human fun and frolic. His literary works were intended to bring about a positive change in the society and hence was centered around his experiences from his childhood, adolescence and all through his growing and maturing years. 1 During the 19th century, there were great thinkers like Karl Marx, Carlyle and Ruskin whose strongly formulated ideas laid the foundation for social reform. However, it was men such as Charles Dickens and Thomas Hardy who through their literary work shed light on the abuses of the Industrial Age in Victorian England. Through his writing Dickens enlightened the masses about the abuses of urban life, while Hardy shed light on the devastation on rural life brought about by the Industrial Age. One of Dicken’s most influential novels was ‘Hard Times’ that got published in 1854. The chief premise of this novel was about â€Å"The Preston Lockout of 1853 -54† which highlighted the great labor dispute that took place in the weaving industry. Dickens supported the workers through his writings that surprisingly did not advocate the establishing of trade unions because he felt that such unions were only a symptom of the disease and not the cure. However, in later years trade unions played a major role by improving the lot of the working class. According to (Orwell, citing Macaulay, Dickens pg.6) -‘Hard Times’ has been condemned for its â€Å"sullen Socialism†. These great Victorians denounced the evils of modern society and brought about by the Industrial Revolution and had a vision of a better future and ushered in an era of gradual social change. During the 1760’s England experienced the communal system of agriculture, where the land was divided and cultivated by the Yeomen who worked for them. These Yeomen lived in clustered cottages and pastured their cattle on common pastures. They had wooden implements which were inadequate for their work and their methods of farming 2 were very ancient. Every Yeoman’s house was his factory where all his family members took part in the work. â€Å"Every family spun from its own flock the wool with which it was clothed.† (Wordsworth Guide, p. 60) It was these influences that ushered in a ray of hope in the sky for its citizens. He keenly studied the minds and hearts of the people and knowing what they desired, he reflected his thoughts through his works. He delved deep into the recesses of the minds of the low- bred man by exalting the virtues of chastity, piety and honesty in a way that was strange to them. Charles Dickens is considered to be the conscience of Victorian England. He was quite famous for portraying and exposing the wretchedness of the poor and the downtrodden and was also well known for venting his anger against heartless oppression. It was the reason of these qualities that made him an exceedingly successful author. He was also well known for having burlesqued the Americans by making fun of their airy obscurity of Transcendentalism that is quite evident in his serialized novel titled ‘Martin Chuzzlewit.’ (1842-44) In sharp contrast to the Industrial Age, (Defoe, Tour, pp. 155-156) explains about the idyllic atmosphere that prevailed during that time.

Prison Violence Essay Example for Free

Prison Violence Essay Incarceration rates rose to unprecedented levels in the history of the U.S.’s imprisonment. Therefore, concern about social control of the incarcerated, that is, prisoners’ behavior, has increased. High inmate disciplinary infractions, especially violent infractions, are a threat to the safety of prison, of correctional staff, and of other inmates. Nevertheless, the issue of discipline in prison is important from an economic perspective, because an estimated average cost per infraction at a medium security prison is $970 (Jiang Fisher-Giorlando, 2002). For these reasons, Jiang Fisher- Giorlando conducted a research to help explain violent incidents, incidents against correctional staff and incidents against other inmates in prison. Identifying the risk factors of inmates to commit violent acts of misconduct is of great importance to prison administration. This type of research can assist in the classification process of inmates entering institutions as well as the ongoing classification adjustments of inmates already in custody. This study will identify and investigate factors for violent institutional misconduct. These factors include; however, are not limited to race, age, education and employment, family ties, length of sentence, security level, prison environment and gender. The hypotheses of this study are: 1. Violent prison misconduct is more prevalent among African-American and Hispanic inmates than Caucasians or any other ethnic group. 2. Inmates who are residing in maximum-security facilities are more violent than inmates residing in medium or minimum-security facilities, especially towards correctional staff. Literature Review Race Several studies were conducted to examine the role of race in inmate adjustment process and prison misconduct, especially prison violence. There were indications that there is a direct relationship between race and violent prison misconduct. Those findings support theories such as prison adjustment and subculture of violence, which say that minority groups have higher rates of violence in prison society than white inmates (DeLisi et al., 2004; Griffin Hepburn, 2006; Gillespie, W., 2005; Jiang Fisher-Giorlando, 2002; Steiner Wooldredge, 2009). According to Wayne Gillespie (2005), Caucasian inmates appear less likely to engage in most types of misconduct compared to African American and Hispanic inmates. Blacks are more likely than Whites to evoke protective violent responses to perceived dangerous situations or threats of physical injury by aggressive, violent behavior aimed at protecting self or preventing retaliation (Gillespie, W., 2005). Age Age and prison violence had an inverse relationship. The older inmates were, the less likely they were to be involved in violent prison misconduct. Younger inmates were significantly more likely to be involved in violent prison misconduct. This relationship was widespread throughout all the studies (Cunningham Sorensen, 2007; DeLisi et al., 2004; Griffin Hepburn, 2006; Jiang Fisher-Giorlando, 2005; Ruddell et al., 2006; Sorensen Cunningham, 2008). Education and Employment Research shows an inverse relationship between level of education and rates of prison misconduct. As level of education increased, involvement in violent prison misconduct decreased (Cunningham Sorensen, 2007; DeLisi et al., 2004; Wooldredge et al., 2001). As stated by Wooldredge, Griffin, and Pratt (2001), inmates who were employed prior to incarceration were less likely to be involved in violent prison misconduct. This group was more invested in conforming because they had more to lose. Inmates who worked prior incarceration were more likely than other inmates to be concerned with going home and continuing employment. Family Ties Social and family support was inversely related to violent prison misconduct (Cunningham Sorensen, 2007; DeLisi et al., 2004; Jiang Fisher-Giorlando, 2005; Wooldredge et al., 2001). Inmates with less social and familial support committed significantly more acts of serious prison violence (DeLisi et al., 2004). Moreover, inmates who made and received more telephone calls from children were less likely to commit violent rule violations (Jiang, Fisher-Giorlando Mo, 2005). According to Jiang and colleagues (2005) inmates with strong family ties had more to lose if they were involved in violent prison misconduct. Sources of family support included mail, telephone calls, and visitations. Rule violations could result in loss of visiting privileges, which is a strong source of strengthening family ties. Length of Sentence The relationship between length of current sentence that inmates are serving and violent prison misconduct is debatable. Inmates with shorter sentences were more likely to commit violent acts. Short term sentenced inmates were usually younger and they still possessed a street mentality. Inmates with longer sentences were usually older and appeared to better understand the need to co-exist with other inmates as well as correctional staff (Wooldredge et al., 2001). Security Level Several studies showed that security level is a predictor of rule violation (Camp et al., 2003; Jiang Fisher-Giorlando, 2002; Steiner Wooldredge, 2008). To be more specific, inmates residing in working cell-blocks and dormitories are less likely than are those in lock-down cell-blocks to commit violence and incidents against correctional staff (Jiang Fisher-Giorlando, 2002). Prison Environment Prison environment exerts an influence on inmate misconduct, especially interpersonal violence (Blackburn et al., 2007; Camp et al., 2003; Steiner Wooldredge, 2008). Research conducted by Camp et al., (2003) indicated that prison’s organizational factors influenced inmates’ behavior that led to violent misconduct. Furthermore, institutions with inexperienced staff had greater report numbers of inmate misconduct. Moreover, prison crowding, as one of the ecological factors, influenced inmate behavior because it produces intermediate psychological states, such as depression that then lead to misconduct (Camp et al., 2003). Gender Previous studies showed that gender was inversely related to violent prison misconduct (Blackburn et al., 2007; Camp et al., 2003; Wolff et al., 2009). Male inmates reported higher percentage of physical victimization perpetrated by staff, although percentage of inmate on inmate physical victimization was equal for male and female inmates (Wolff et al., 2009). This suggests gender-patterned interactions between inmate and staff in which male inmates compared to female inmates are more aggressive against authority figures. In summary, what is known from the literature reviewed is that some factors might influence inmates’ behavior. What is missing is the correlation between those factors and prison violent misconduct, which is addressed by my study. Key variables identified in the reviewed literature are race, age, education and employment, family ties, length of sentence, security level and prison environment, which are incorporated into the study’s methodology as surve y and focus group questions. Theoretical Review To explain inmate behavior in prison three major theoretical models have been proposed. They are the deprivation, importation, and situational models. A true explanation of violent inmate misconduct lies in a combination of those three theories. However, the importation model can be use as the most legitimate singular explanation of violent prison misconduct. The main focus of an importation model is on the influence of pre- prison socialization and experience of the inmate on his/her behavior while being incarcerated (Jiang Fisher- Giorlando, 2002). According to Jiang Fisher- Giorlando (2002) inmates’ behavior can be largely determine by their distinctive traits and social backgrounds. The importation model is a reflection of a pre- prison norms and beliefs system of an inmate rather than a result of incarceration in a facility (Irvin Cressey, 1962; as cited in Jiang Fisher-Giorlando, 2002). As importation model implies inmate behavior while being behind the bars is an extension of the antisocial behaviors that criminal offenders developed in the community (DeLisi et al., 2004). Research Design The research design that I used was the analysis of an existing database. I downloaded and analyzed an existing data source from the National Archives of Criminal Justice Data, which can be found at www.ICPSR.org. The data source that I downloaded and analyzed has number 24642 and the title of it is Census of State and Federal Adult Correctional Facilities. The principle investigator of this study is United States Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, and the time period is January 1st, 2005 to December 30th, 2005. I chose this dataset because it contains the information needed to do my study on prison violence misconduct. The 2005 Census of State and Federal Adult Correctional Facilities is the seventh enumeration of State institutions and the fourth of Federal institutions sponsored by the Bureau of Justice Statistics and its predecessors. Earlier censuses were completed in 1974, 1979, 1984, 1990, 1995 and 2000. The facility universe was developed from the Census of State and Federal Adult Correctional Facilities conducted in 2000. In 2000, data were collected from 84 federal facilities and 1,584 non-federal facilities operating on June 30th, 2000. In 2005, each State’s Department of Corrections was contacted to identify new facilities and facilities that had been closed since June 2000. Telephone follow-ups were carried out during 2006. All but one respondent-State of Illinois- participated in the Census.My study determines if in a time period between January 1st, 2005 and December 30th, 2005, the correctional facilities used in existing dataset 24642 experienced physical or sexual assaults, misconduct against correctional staff and misconduct against other inmates. The response options for dependent variables have values such as: 1 which is label Yes, 2 which is label No, and 9 or 999 which is label Missing. This study aims to determine if independent variables such as race, age, education and employment, family ties, length of sentence, security level, prison environment and gender have a strong correlation with the dependent variables. Data Analysis For my analyses, I used SPSS Statistics program in version 18.0. I ran frequencies and descriptive tests on both dependent and independent variables. Moreover, I ran ANOVA and t-test to test how facility security levels and race/ethnicity of the inmates impact or don’t the amount of violence. Results Table 1: Age of the inmates residing in the facilities during the 1- year period of 2005 (Independent Variable). |Descriptive Statistics | | | | |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent | |Valid |Yes |475 |26.1 |28.6 | As seen in Table 2, during the 1-year period of 2005, 28.6 percent of facilities indicated that yes, there were physical or sexual assaults. The other 71.4 percent indicated that there were no physical or sexual assaults. As seen below in Table 3, during the same year period there was an average of just under 16 inmate-on-inmate assaults at facilities. I also ran a frequency table of staff deaths by inmates, but there were very few. Table 3: During the 1- year period of 2005 how many inmate on inmates assaults (Dependent Variable). | | | | | |N |Minimum |Maximum |Mean | | | | | | | |Y1_BETWEEN 1/1/2005 AND 12/30/2005 WERE THERE PHYSICAL OR SEXUAL ASSAULTS | The results in the above tables test my hypothesis about how facility security levels impact (or don’t) the amount of violence, using three different measures of the dependent variable: physical or sexual assaults; inmate deaths; and inmate-on-inmate assaults. I ran three ANOVA (analysis of variance) tests, and the results are shown above. Only the ANOVA tests for Y1 and Y3 were statistically significant. There was no difference by security level in the number of staff deaths by inmates, probably because those were low to begin with. However, in terms of physical and sexual assaults (Y1), these were highest at minimum and low-security facilities (mean =1.91). In terms of inmate-on-inmate assaults, these were highest Maximum/close/high facilities, with an average of nearly 34 assaults by inmates on other inmates in 2005. Table 7: Type of Violence by Race/Ethnicity | | |Y1_BETWEEN 1/1/2005 |Y3_BETWEEN 1/1/2005 | | | |AND 12/30/2005 WERE |AND 12/30/2005 HOW | | | |THERE PHYSICAL OR |MANY INMATE ON | | | |SEXUAL ASSAULTS |INMATES ASSAULTS | |X1_race_white |Pearson Correlation |-.391(**) |.341(**) | | |Sig. (2-tailed) |.000 |.000 | | |N |1631 |1665 | |X1_race_black |Pearson Correlation |-.453(**) |.392(**) | | |Sig. (2-tailed) |.000 |.000 | | |N |1625 |1657 | |X1_race_ethnicity_Hispanic |Pearson Correlation |-.290(**) |.202(**) | | |Sig. (2-tailed) |.000 |.000 | | |N |1450 |1479 | ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). As seen above in Table 7, both White and Black race, as well as Hispanic ethnicity, were statistically significantly related to dependent variables Y1 and Y3. Y2 is not shown in the table format because neither race nor ethnicity was related to staff deaths by inmates. Again, this may be due to the small number of staff deaths. An odd pattern emerges: Y1 (number of physical and sexual assaults) was significantly and negatively related to all three race/ethnicity variables. On the other hand, Y3 (number of inmate-on-inmate assaults) was positively and significantly related to all three race/ethnicity variables. The reasons for this are not clear, but may have something to do with the meaning of the questions asked for Y1 and Y3. As for the size of the correlation coefficient, it is the highest for Blacks (r= -.453 and .392), next highest for Whites (r= -.391 and .341), and lowest for Hispanics (r= -.29 and .202). Discussion To return to my first original hypothesis that violent prison misconduct is more prevalent among African-American and Hispanic inmates than Caucasians or any other ethnic group I have to say that my findings only partially support that statement. According to my results violence among or by African- American inmates appears to be the highest, and is followed by violence among or by White inmates. However, violence by or among Hispanic inmates is the lowest comparing it to violence among or by other races. Moreover, my findings on the impact of security level of facility on prison violence were not exactly what I expected because they differ depending on a type of an assault. Therefore, they partially support my second hypothesis that inmates who are residing in maximum-security facilities are more violent than inmates residing in medium or minimum-security facilities, especially towards correctional staff. I found that counter to what I expected, super-maximum facilities are not the most dangerous correctional institutions but they have the highest inmate on inmate number of assaults. Findings from this study about how race impact prison violence partially support what I have found previously in the literature review. According to Wayne Gillespie (2005) and my findings White inmates less likely engage in most types of misconduct compared to African-American inmates but not Hispanic inmates. However, my results on the impact of security level of facility and prison violence are interesting because they do support the findings mentioned in the literature review. All the findings suggest that security level does affect the amount of in-facility violence, but that differs by the type of violence. Limitation of the Study While conducting my research by using existing database I had to face a few problems with it. First of all, the database I found had a lot of variables, which had a value that was missing. Second of all, when I ran the tests such as descriptive or frequencies it was hard to describe the results because they were confusing. I wasn’t sure in some cases if the results showed me the number of inmates or the number of facilities. I tried to go back and find the answers in the codebook, which didn’t really contain much more information than the database. Moreover, the meaning of the questions that were asked, especially for dependent variables, wasn’t clear and I believe it impacted somehow the results of the tests I ran. References Blackburn, A. G., Mullings, J. L., Marquart, J. W., Trulson, C. R. (2007). The next generation of prisoners: Toward an understanding of violent institutionalized delinquents. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 5(1), 35-56. Document ID: 1541204006295156. Camp, S. D., Gaes, G. G., Langan, N. P., Saylor, W. G. (2003). The influence of prisons on inmate misconduct: A multilevel investigation. Justice Quarterly, JQ, 20(3), 501-533. Document ID: 434413761. Cunningham, M. D., Sorensen, J. R. (2007). Predictive factors for violent misconduct in close custody. The Prison Journal, 87(2), 241-253. Document ID: 0032885507303752. DeLisi, M., Berg, M. T., Hochstetler, A. (2004). Gang members, career criminals and prison violence: Further specification of the importation model of inmate behavior. Criminal Justice Studies, 17(4), 369-383. Document ID: 10.1080/1478601042000314883. Gillespie Wayne, (2005). Racial differences in violence and self-esteem among prison inmates. American Journal of Criminal Justice: AJCJ, 29(2), 161-V. Document ID: 972985931. Griffin, M. L., Hepburn, J. R. (2006). The effects of gang affiliation on violent misconduct among inmates during the early years of confinement. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 33(4), 419-448. Document ID: 0093854806288038. Irvin, J., Cressey, D. (1962). Thieves, convicts, and the inmate culture. Social Problems, 10, 142-155. Jiang, S., Fisher-Giorlando, M. (2002). Inmate misconduct: A test of the deprivation, importation, and situational models. The Prison Journal, 82(3), 335-358. Document ID: 003288550208200303. Jiang, S., Fisher-Giorlando, M., Mo, L. (2005). Social support and inmate rule violation: A multilevel analysis. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 30(1), 71-89. Retrieved from http://proquest.umi.com Ruddell, R., Decker, S. H., Egley Jr., A. (2006). Gang intervention in jails: A national analysis. Criminal Justice Review, 31(1), 33-46. Document ID: 0734016806288263. Sorensen, J., Cunningham, M.D. (2008). Conviction offense and prison violence: A comparative study of murderers and other offenders. Crime and Delinquency, 56(1), 103-125. Document ID: 0011128707307175. Steiner, B., Wooldredge, J. (2008). Inmate versus environmental effects on prison rule violations. Criminal Justice and Behavioral, 35(4), 438. Document ID: 1455568521. Wolff, N., Shi, J., Siegel, J. (2009). Patterns of vict imization among male and female inmates: Evidence of an Enduring Legacy. Violence and Victims, 24(4), 469-84. Document ID: 1825737261. Wooldredge, J., Griffin, T., Pratt, T. (2001). Considering hierarchical models for research on inmate behavior: Predicting misconduct with multilevel data. Justice Quarterly, 18(1), 203-231. Retrieved from http:// proquest.umi.com

Zig Ziglar’s Over The Top Essay Example for Free

Zig Ziglar’s Over The Top Essay In his book, Over the Top Zig Ziglar reminds us that we are capable of moving from the level of basic survival to exceeding our goals. Regardless of where we begin in life, and no matter how our lives are right now, we each have the power to do something to change the situation. He directs us to make the choice to take actions that will change our lives for the better. I enjoyed reading this book. It has something to offer to everyone. I believe it should be required reading for all college students. Zig Ziglar teaches people to take responsibility for their lives instead of making excuses. He does refer to God and make references to the bible, but you don’t need to be a Christian, have a religion or even believe in God to benefit from reading this book. It is filled with practical principles useful in everyday life for everyday people. In terms of education, the book provides an abundance of information that could impact the way educational administrators manage our schools, as well as shape the knowledge of educators. For example, the book discusses the premise that when we help other people get what they want this helps us to get to the top and beyond. What does this mean in terms of education? Well, if the principals and administrators in charge would help the teachers get what they want it would probably improve the overall academic environment. When administrators are effective leaders, and give guidance and supervise with more of an authoritative approach as opposed to an authoritarian approach, it would lead to more positive results. According to Ziglar, authoritarian people simply say that you must do something because they say so. An authoritative person would explain the reason why a certain decision was made and why it is best to move in that direction. Thus, an authoritative principal treats his or her faculty members with respect, and authoritative teachers, likewise, treat their students with respect. Moreover â€Å"all of us perform better and more willingly when we know why we’re doing what we have been told or asked to do,† (p. 77). This applies equally to children as it does to adults. The book also points out the importance of being dedicated and feeling positive pride. There are a lot of administrators and teachers dedicated to the field of education. However, society in general seems to lack respect for educators; teachers are often blamed for many social problems such as the deviant behavior and poor academic ability of today’s young people, while parents and society at large are assigned little responsibility for these problems. Over the Top will actually help teachers feel more pride in being teachers. They will know that they can make a positive difference in the lives of their students. The book will motivate them to set goals both inside and outside the classrooms and take the steps necessary to accomplish those goals. They will be committed to being excellent teachers regardless of the financial compensation because they will know that eventually they will be rewarded. Being rich alone does not equal success. Zig Ziglar informs readers that being successful, and over the top includes being â€Å"happy, healthy, reasonably prosperous, and secure, to have friends, peace of mind, good family relationships, and hope,† (p. ). We are reminded to keep a positive attitude, to work towards improving our weaknesses, to view personal growth as a lifetime commitment, and to be willing to change. Haven’t you heard that to be insane is to repeatedly do the same thing and respect different results? Change leads to progress. Zig Ziglar provides the perfect instructional manual for changing our lives for the better. Over the top is interesting, inspirational and will make a difference in the lives of those fortunate enough to read it.