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The desk exerts an upward upshot on the book that is equal in magnitude to the gravitational take. attractor a free-body diagram of the book. 7. Draw a free-body diagram of a football being kicked. Assume that the only crusades playing on the ball atomic number 18 the force due to gravity and the force exerted by the kicker. 8. Draw a free-body diagram for each of the following goals (show size of force with big or runty arrow) a. A projectile accelerating downward in the presence of air resistance. B. A crate being pushed across a flat surface at a constant speed. 9. Define Equilibrium. 10.Can an object be in vestibular sense if only one force acts on the object? 1. If an object is at rest, can we conclude that no external forces are acting on it? 12. An keg machine is pathetic at a constant speed of 1. Mom/s. What is the net force on the political machine? 13. If a car is traveling west with a constant velocity of mom/s, what is the net force acting on the car? 14. If a car is accelerating downhill infra a net force of NON, what additional force would cause the car to have a constant velocity? 15. Is it possible for an object to be in motion if no net force is acting on it? exempt. 16. An object thrown into the air stops at the highest point in its path. Is it in equilibrium at his point? Explain. 17. A large ball is placed on a bed off truck but is not tied down. A. Explain why it is wrong to say, as the truck accelerates forward, the ball slides across the bed until it hits the tailgate. b. If the driver slammed on the brakes, what would happen to the ball? 18. A space explorer is moving through space far from any orbiter or star and notices a large rock, taken as a specimen from an alien insipidt floating around the cabin of the ship.Should the explorer push it gently or kick it toward the storage compartment? Why? 19. Identify the action-reaction pairs in the following situations a. A psyche takes a step. B. A snowball hits someone in th e back. C. A baseball player catches a ball. D. A gust of wind strikes a window. 20. If a small sports car collides head-on with a massive truck, which vehicle experiences the greater impact force? Which vehicle experiences the greater acceleration? Explain. 21 . Explain why a rope climber must pull downward on the rope in order to move upward. disclose Two Constructing Responses 22.The force that attracts Earth to an object is equal to and opposite to the force that Earth exerts on the object. Explain (in a 3-step AES) why Earths acceleration is not equal to and opposite the objects acceleration? 23. When a tablecloth is pulled out(p) from underneath a cup and plate, the cup and plate stay on the table. Why? Explain (in a 3-step AES) why this is using Newtons 1st Law of Motion. Part Three Easy Problem firmness 24. What is the net force on a stapler if Ms Buick pulls it with a force of NON to the left and John pulled it NON to the adept?Which way did the stapler go? 25. In a tug of war competition, Sally pulled NON east along with Bobby who pulled NON east. If their opponent Tyler pulled with a force of NON and Jason NON west, who team won? 26. A owe boat is being propelled with a force of NON north by the rowers, but the water current pushes south on the boat with a force of NON. If the wind also pushes north with a force of NON, find the net force (including direction) on the boat. 27. A broken down car has a mass of 1 keg and is accelerated at a rate of 1. Mm/so by several people pushing.With what force do the people push the car? 28. A 6. Egg object undergoes an acceleration of 2. Mm/so. What is the magnitude of the net force acting on the object? 29. The net force on the propeller of a 3. Egg model airplane is 7. AN forward. What is the acceleration of the airplane? 0. A soccer ball kicked with a force of 13. AN accelerates at 6. Mm/so to the right. What is the mass of the ball? 31 . The net force on a golf cart is NON north. If the cart has a total mass of keg, what are the magnitude and direction of the carts acceleration? 2. A car has a mass of 1. 50x103kg. If the force acting on the car is 6. Xenon to the east, what is the cars acceleration? 33. A groundwork of sugar has a mass of 2. kegful. Determine its mass and weight on A) On Earth b) On the moon c) On Jupiter (g-?25. Mm/so) 34. A 3. Keg briefcase is sitting at rest on a flat floor. A. What is the briefcases net acceleration? B. What is its weight in Newtons? Part Four Medium Problem Solving 35. Two forces are applied in the same direction to a car in an effort to accelerate it, Fl=NON, IF=301 N a.What is the subsequent of these two forces? B. If the car has a mass of keg, what acceleration does it have? 36. Due to the airplanes engines a keg airplane is pushed forward with a force of NANNY, if the wind pushes back on the plane with a force of NANNY, what is the net acceleration of the plane? 37. What is the mass of a sailboat which is accelerating at mom/so that is shushed by the wind with a force of NON and the current of water in the same direction with a force of 21 ON? 38.What is the acceleration of a keg boy and bicycle which is pedaled with a force of NON, and overcomes a frictional force of NON? (friction is always in the opposite direction of the motion) 39. A 5. Egg bucket of water is raised from a fountainhead by a rope. If the upward acceleration of the bucket is 3. Mm/so, find the force exerted by the rope on the bucket of water? (You must accept gravity in this ) Part Five Hard Problem Solving 40. The forces acting on a sailboat are NON north and NON east.If the boat has a mass of keg, what are the magnitude and direction of the boats acceleration? 41 . Four forces act on a keg hot-air balloon, shown here. Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant acceleration on the balloon. Part Six Difficult Problem Solving 42. Kathy and Jim are pulling a box of physics equipment with an acceleration of 0. Mom/so. If they are pullin g with a force of NON 200 above the horizontal, what is the mass of the box? 43. A keg box is pulled by Ms Buick with a force of NON at an angle of 250 above the horizontal. What is the acceleration of the box?

Women Development

Womens condition in Nepal is even worse comp atomic number 18d to their average situation in the universe. Despite irrefutable and improving reports in the situation, at that place is a long way to go to really wangle them feel that they are not exploited and discriminated. The female literacy site of Nepal is about 35 percent, according to recent report, compared to male literacy rate of 63 percent. This vast difference exists not only in educational sector tho also in al nearly each sector. The education is the foundation of awareness and further development.When they are barred from education, there is chance of discriminations being unreported forcing women to be quiet. The women in Nepal are exploited in many aspects. Sexual abuse and girl trafficking still persists which demands adoption of immediate measures to prevent the situation from being to a greater extent worsened. Most of the victims of human trafficking in Nepal are girls who end up in the brothel of Indian cit ies. The female victims of domestic violence are kept occult with the fear of losing companionable reputation specially to be prevented form possible refusal from their male counterparts and there no clear law to deal with the situation.In the outback(a) villages of Nepal, women lay claim care almost everything from bringing up children, manage food, taking care of cattle, collecting fodder and firewood to working in the fields. Despite their significant contri andion in the family and society, they are mistreated and blamed for minor mistakes. The situation of Nepalese women seems to be improving in cities but the scene in the remote villages and hinterland is not changing at all. They are the victim of religion, culture and their male guardians.The Chaupadi transcription in western hill region of Nepal is yet to be rooted out, the Kamlari system in West Terai is still allowing to sell innocent teenage girls to unknown masters. The Muslim society of the country is still not aw aken up to displace all of their daughters in school, the drunken husband has not stopped beating his wife without any reason and Dalit women are still treated as plunk for class citizen by so called upper classes. These are only some examples of current situation of women in Nepal. The worldwide condition of the women is not better either.No depend where, the half of the world population should be addressed in each and every aspect of the life. The mere friendship can not be much effective for the overall development of the society. Womens problems are effectively dealt only by women themselves. Keeping them out of the social and political activities may cause social dilemma in the nation. The vivid example of relation between empowerment of women and social and economical development can be seen in many create European countries.Sweden, which is known as a country with the best condition of women in the world is one of the most create country in the world as well. Though in those developed countries too, the situation of women is not better than those of male, they are doing their best to keep the balance and further improve the situation. Thus the messages from those developed countries is Empowering female means development of the nation. The female participation in social, economical and political activities in the country like Nepal is vitally important. Womens legal rights and participation in civil society are limited across the country.Nepal is moderately religious country with vast numbers of ethnic groups, though it has been declared as a secular state after king was striped of his power by reinstated parliament in 2006. Though it used to be Hindu kingdom, there were no religion-related fanaticisms in the country. Nepalese are also relatively less repulsive to change. Hence, improving the women situation in Nepal is comparatively easier than many new(prenominal) countries in the world. Women are contributing more than 50 percent of the agric ultural jobs which is considered as a backbone of Nepals economy (Agriculture contributes Nepals total GDP by 40 percent).They are the first teachers of their kids who are the source of future development of the country. Active participation of women in social, political and political arena means educated kids, better health situation slipped human trafficking, declining HIV/AIDS infection rate and many other in current Nepals social scenario. They can make much difference in the outlook of our current society. They must be encouraged and given opportunity to walk parallel with their male counterparts. Even though some important laws are still missing, there are substantial laws n the nation to guarantee the right of women. Many laws are being change to address the real need of the change and to follow up the international regulations but the situation is not getting much better. The law is only the way, we are the walker and if we do not walk our talk, the situation of women may n ever change and so will do the nations situation. Women on the other hand should be aware of their situation act on their own. Many organizations working in the field should be able to extend their approach to the villages of remote areas.Political parties are advocating their commitment on equal participation of women in all fields but it has not been seen in the practice. Political leadership is still for the most part occupied by men essentially leading unequal equal participation in policy making level. So, it has to be done from the very ascendant level. Lack of education is root cause of the situation. Female education has been shown to have a dramatic impact on womens earning power and on families welfare but progress toward gender equality in education still lags behind to those of boys.Education for all should be guaranteed by the government which will certainly help to go through not only women discrimination but also other discriminations (ethnic, regional, religious e tc. ) across the country. Once the literacy rate rises, so does the female participation in many areas. To empower women, it has to be done by act not by words. The empowerment of the women will be one big step forward-moving to overall development of the nation. As Nepal has already been entered into a new age of change, equality between male and female should be one of the top most priorities for policy makers.

Dismissal Meeting Essay

1. Propose three ways that a private instructor stool cope with any negative emotions that may accompany an employee layoff. Layoffs argon tough for both the employee being laid off and the company for which he/she worked. The situation causes so much uncertainty amongst the expecting employees. The contact among the employees is if this happened to them this could happen to me as well. According to Johnson (n.d.), There is a study disruption in the status quo relationships be severed, pop off is redistributed with a probable sum up in everyones workload. We as human fear the un populaten and will ultimately feel that its bound to happen over again and will remain on edge until reassured it wont happen. Three ways the manager can cope with any negative emotions are communicate with remain employees, dispel any rumors, and take employees to beam. During these difficult times its important that management has constant intercourse with their staff. According to Butcher (2008), come together employees want to know what will be happening to them, especially whether they will they be laid off. from each one one of the surviving employees wants to know whats going on no one wants to be left out. When there is something perceived to be a cover up the employees are uneasy. When the employees are uneasy panic and hysteria sets in and fruit levels go down. The moment employees get wind of the layoffs or terminations the rumors will start to fly. It all stems from fear of losing their jobs. Employees become untrus bothrthy of management, so until management presents themselves as trustworthy, employees will continue to talk and spread rumors. Management has to step and in let the employees know the truth close what has happened and what will come next. If there is project to be more layoffs then management should let them know. If there wont be more layoffs management should communicate that to the employees as well. The best move mechanism for negati ve emotions would be to let theperson vent. If management allows the employees to vent, this will lessen the frustration amongst the remaining members of the team.Management should conduct a meeting with the employees and allow them to share their feelings. Once management has an idea of how the employees feel they can make proper action to deal with the situation. Communication shouldnt be one sided. Each side has to share what they believe is important.2. Describe a step-by-step process of conducting the dismissal meeting. There are many steps to disciplining and employee. Usually, the last step in the discipline process is the dismissal of the employee. In a situation, where the employer doesnt believe the employee should continue employment with the company the dismissal process begins. According to Heathfield (n.d.), Sometimes, however, terminating a staff persons employment is the best step to take for your organization. Often times, when the employee isnt a best fit for the o rganization management has to make the last to trim the fat. Once its been disapprovemined the employee will be terminated for whatever reason.Whether it is for cause or non-performance, there is a process in which this shall be conducted. The manager has to schedule a meeting, inform the employee of termination, allow the employee to speak, and collect company property and have the employee escorted out. The manager has to be diligent in scheduling the meeting. Most often practice is to schedule the meeting for the end of the day. This allows the manager to minimize the chance the termination of the employee may disturb the work environment. In the event, the employee has a pricy relationship with the other employees the others may become upset. The meeting should be scheduled for the employee on a day in which the employee works.Depending on the preferred method of communication the manager should contact the employee as soon as possible. Once the meeting has been determined th e manager should pick a location in which the meeting can be conducted. The preference is a location in which there will be some type of barrier between the manager and the employee. The manager should grade the room in such a way that the employee doesnt have to cross paths once the meeting has ended. While the meeting is going the manager should clear the meeting explaining the reason for which they are meeting. After the manager has discussed with the employee the reason for termination it is important to allow the employee to express his/her feelings. During this time theemployee is allowed to say something in his/her defense. Also allows the employee to vent frustration about the termination.This will lessen the likelihood that employee will try some sort of retaliation. Additionally, is there was some misunderstanding on either the manager or the employees part this would be the time to clear it up. The next step is a combination of two, have the employee return company prop erty. Someone should accompany the employee to his/her work area/location to assure company property has been properly returned and his/her personal property has been gathered. Making sure the personal property has been attained will deter the former employee from coming back. The second part would to have the former employee escorted out. In situations like these, it may be best to have someone the employee has a close relationship escort them out.3. Determine the compensation that the factitious company may provide to the separated employee. Majority of the people in the workforce today, are doing so because they have to. Everyone has bills and expenses that have to be paid regularly. With this being said, everyone needs a steady income. Without a steady income individuals will fall behind and face major issues. So when it comes to employees being laid off from work employers should assist with some type of temporary compensation. In most cases, employers provide severance behave tolerate accrued leave, and unemployment benefits. Most employers have severance packages set up for employees in the event the employment has to be terminated earlier than expected. According to Yuille, (2012), The severance pay offered is typically one to two weeks for every year worked but can be more.In most cases to received severance an employee will have had to work for the employer for more than a year. Employers should offer pretty reasonable packages depending on the job market and the economic climate. Most employers offer a benefits package for its employees. These are the things that attract talent to a particular employer. Within the benefits package there should be a leave option. The leave option should be a reasonable about of leaver per time worked. In the government workforce, when employment is terminated the amount of leave not taken is paid out at the rate in which the person works based on the number of hours of leave. Unemployment benefits mainly focus aro und two major parts of employee compensation and health benefits.The first of the two isthe weekly unemployment payment usually received from the state in which the person has been employed for the amount of time in which it requires to receive the benefit. The Consolidated Omnibus cypher Reconciliation Act (COBRA) allows for temporary continuation of health insurance. However, it isnt subsidized like it would have been while employed. The individual has to pay a much high indemnity when paying as unemployed. 4. Using Microsoft Word or an equivalent such as Open Office, create a chart that depicts the timeline of the disbursement of the compensation. keep an eye on Appendix A5. Predict three ways that this layoff may affect the company. In most cases, companies lay off employees to save silver. Most times layoffs are due to slow in production or a drop in revenue. Its always ugly business on both ends of the deal. The employees are out of a job and the company is out of workers . Three ways layoffs may affect a company are lower moral, loss in production, and cost to retrain. When there is a layoff the surviving employees tend to become a bit worried about what will happen to them next. According to Matthews (2002), The effects of layoffs on surviving employees have a less obvious, but still important, short-term financial impact. Morale directly affects productivity. When the employees feel that their job is in danger they tend to focus on things other than work. Production is the main focus of any companys operation.Production is what makes money for the company. If the employees arent focused on production it will slow considerably causing the company to lose money. The effects of the layoff will cause the company to lose more money than they anticipated. In the big run, the company will lose money on production due to low morale and lack of focus. Once production starts to pick up again the company will need to hire more workers. This boost in product ion will cause the company to need more workers to handle the load. The money spent on recruiting and training will absorb the money that was supposed to be saved by the company. Matthews also said, The employer will pay a premium price for attracting valuable replacements, including the cost of recruiting and screening candidates. The layoffs prove to be more costly than keeping the staff on and lowering their pay.ReferencesButcher, D. (2008, November 13). 5 Strategies for managing employees after layoffs. sedulousness market trends. Industry market trends rss. Retrieved from http//news.thomasnet.com/IMT/2008/11/13/5-strategies-for-employers-managing-surviving-employees-after-layoffs/ Heathfield, S. (n.d.). How to fire with compassion and class. About.com human resources. Retrieved from http//humanresources.about.com/od/discipline/a/firecompassion.htm Johnson, D. W. (n.d.). The emotional impact of lay-offs and non-renewals. University of Minnesota. Retrieved February 10, 2014, fro m http//www3.crk.umn.edu/humanresources/Documents/Emotional%20Impact%20of%20Layoffs.pdf Matthews, C. (2002, July 19). The truly cost of layoffs by carole matthews inc.com. Retrieved from http//www.inc.com/articles/2002/07/24434. Yuille, B. (2012, September 24). The layoff payoff A severance package. Investopedia. Retrieved from http//www.investopedia.com/articles/pf/08/negotiating-severance-agreements.asp

Principles of Diversity, Equality and Inclusion in Adult Social Care Settings

Understand the importance of diversity, equality and inclusionDiversity means understanding that each individual is unique and that we recognise our individual differences this hatful include locomote, gender, religious beliefs, come on, sex orientation or any other differences. Equality means equal rights for people no matter what differences they may bind and that they should all be treated fairly and that nothing should be lacking in their treat and all care plans should be followed.Inclusion is based on the approximation of allowing everyone to access to any service regardless their gender, religion or age and what they want and be included. Discrimination means when individual is taking less care of one person or is in less favour then someone else due to probably a disability or religion etc.Direct inequality can occur in the work setting if the service you provide for one service user is less then the other due to their gender, age, religion, race or mental health or c ould be they are told they cant do anything as they are in a wheelchair or not run low enough.Indirect discrimination can occur if someone has learning difficulty or English is not their first language and you leave them notes, which they cannot understand, or when the local ascendance sends leaflets for their services and they are not easy to read. 1.3Practises that support diversity, equality and inclusion to reduce the likelihood of discrimination may include encouraging everyone to say what at that place views are having them to listen to so that it can help to respect and help to resolve peoples differences and it helps an individual to be fully involved not only in their lives but in everyones elses lives too.Know how to work in an inclusive wayThese are some of the key legislation and codes of practice relating to diversity, equality, inclusion and discrimination in adult social care settingsThe Disability Discrimination Act 2005The Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001The Race Relations (Amendment) Act 2000Convention on the Rights of the Child (UN, 1989)The Human Rights Act 1998The Sex Discrimination Act 1975 (as amended)Employment Equality Regulations 2003You can interact with an individual in an inclusive way by make them feel comfortable and asking general questions about them. Treating them equally, be respectful and listen to them carefully, not making them feel small and encourage to ask questions and give-up the ghost suggestions.The ways in which discrimination may be challenged by gathering evidence, and if I witnessed discrimination is going on I would report it to the office to my supervisory program or manager, I would also speak to the person that is being discriminating that they will try to sort everything out and they are not alone. Outcome 3 Know how to access information, advice and support about diversity, equality, inclusion and discrimination.Sources of information, advice and support about diversity, equality, inc lusion and discrimination on government web sites that list all the authentic legislations in place to protect the rights of an individual. You can obtain leaflets to show service users about their rights, read books, or even can contact certain age groups, such as AGE UK who can supply materials to hand out to service users on discrimination, equality etc..If I think someone is being a victim of discrimination, I would report this straightaway to my manager or supervisor, even if I was in this situation I would do the same, I would also look through my policy and procedures which should include policies related to inclusion and diversity, if I encounter problems I would refer to my own policies, as to the actions to take as an employee.

The Hunters: Phantom Chapter 23

The next morning, Elena felt light and joyful, as if she was hugging an enormous, wonderful mystery story to herself. Damon was stil alive. He had been in her room last night. Right?Shed been through so much, she could hardly trust it. She climbed start of bed, noting that the clouds outside were stil pink and gold from the sunrise, so it essential be very early. She careful y moved toward the window. She wasnt sure what she was looking for, merely she went down on her work force and knees and s tail assemblyned the floor careful y. on that point. A comminuted piece of dirt on the squeaky board, fal en from someones shoe. And there, on the windowsil , the long scratches of a birds claws. That was proof enough for Elena.She stood up and gave a funny little jump of joy, clapping her hands together sharply once, an unstoppable grin spreading across her face. Damon was aliveThen she took a deep breath and stood stil , wil ing her face into blankness. If she was veridical y tone ending to have this secret and she supposed she would have to shed promised, after al she was going to have to act like nothing had changed. And real y, things were charming bad stil , she told herself. If she thought about(predicate) the facts, she shouldnt be celebrating just yet.Damons return hadnt altered the fact that something grungy was after Elena and her friends, or that Stefan was acting irrational y and violently. Her emotional state sank a little as she thought of Stefan, hardly stil a bubble of happiness went through her. Damon was aliveAnd, what was more, he had an idea of what might be going on. It was exactly like Damon at his most infuriating to play this idea close to his chest and not let her know what he was thinking, but stil , his flash was more hope than anyone else had been able to offer yet. Perhaps there was light at the end of the tunnel after al .A pebble pinged once against Elenas window.When she looked out, she saw Stefan, shoulders hunched, hands in his pockets, watching her from the lawn. Elena waved to him to stay where he was, threw on jeans, a lacy white tank top, and shoes, and went downstairs to meet him. at that place was dew on the grass, and Elenas steps left-hand(a) footprints. The cool of dawn was already being replaced by dazzling hot cheerfulness It was going to be another sticky Virginia summer day.As she approached Stefan, Elena slowed down. She didnt preferably know what to say to him. Since last night, incessantlyy time she had thought of Stefan, she had involuntarily pictured Calebs body flying through the air, the sickening crunch as he hit the marble monument. And she couldnt stop seeing Stefans savage anger as he had attacked him, although Damon had been sure there must have been a reason. Damon. How would she ever keep Stefan from guessing the truth about his brother?From the pained look on Stefans face, it was clear he sensed her apprehension. He held out his hand. I know you dont substant iate why I did what I did yesterday, he said,but theres something you have to see.Elena stopped, but she didnt take his outstretched hand. His face fel a little further. Tel me where were going, she said.I need to disposition you something that I found, Stefan said patiently. Youl understand when we get there. Please, Elena. I would never hurt you.Elena stared at him. She knew without a doubt that it was true that Stefan would never hurt her.Okay, she said, making up her mind. Wait here for a minute. Il be right tooshie.She left Stefan on the lawn in the early morning sunshine as she retreated into the quiet swarthiness of the domicile. Everyone else was stil asleep A quick glance at the clock in the kitchen told her it was barely six oclock. She scribbled a peak to aunty Judith, saying she was going to entrance breakfast with Stefan and would be back later. Reaching for her purse, she paused and made sure that a dried sprig of vervain was stil tucked inside it. Not that she t hought Stefan would ever do anything to her but it never hurt to be prepared.When she came out of the house, Stefan ushered her into his car parked at the curb, opening the passenger-side door for her and hovering over her as she fastened her fag belt.How far away is it? Elena asked.Not far, Stefan said simply. Watching him drive, Elena noticed the worry lines at the corners of his eyes, the unhappy droop of his mouth, the tension in his shoulders, and wi hold she could put her arms most him and comfort him, raise her hand and wipe those lines by his eyes away. unless her memories of the rage on his face the day before held her back. She just couldnt make herself give out to him.They hadnt driven for long when Stefan turned onto a culde-sac of expensive houses. Elena leaned forward. They were pul ing up to a large white house fronted by a spacious pil ared porch. She knew that porch. later junior prom, she and Matt had sat on its steps and watched the sun rise, stil wearing the ir clothes from the dance. She had kicked off her satin sandals and laid her head against Matts tuxedoed shoulder, listening dreamily to the melody and voices coming from the afterprom party in the house behind them. It had been a good night from a different lifetime.She stared at Stefan accusingly. This was Tyler Smal woods house, Stefan. I dont know what youre planning, but Calebs not here. Hes in the hospital.Stefan sighed. I know hes not here, Elena. His aunt and uncle havent been here either, not for several days, at least.Theyre out of town, Elena said automatical y. Aunt Judith talked to them yesterday.Thats good, Stefan said grimly. Then theyre safe. He cast a worried glance up and down the street. Youre sure Caleb wont be out of the hospital today?Yes, said Elena acidly. He was too injured. Theyre keeping him for observation.Elena got out of the car, slammed the door, and marched toward the Smal woods house, not looking back to see whether Stefan was fol owing.He caught u p to her instantly. She cursed his vampiric speed in her head and walked faster. Elena, he said, circling in front of her and forcing her to a stop. Are you angry that I want to keep you safe?No, she said scathingly. Im angry that you almost kil ed Caleb Smal wood.Stefans face sagged with exhaustion and sorrow, and Elena instantly felt guilty. any(prenominal) was going on with Stefan, he stil needed her. But she didnt know how to deal with his violence. Shed fal en in love with Stefan for his poetic soul, for his gentleness. Damon was the dangerous one. Dangerous looks much best on Damon than it does on Stefan, a dry observing voice at the back of her mind said, and Elena couldnt deny the truth of it.Just show me what you wanted me to see, she concluding y said.Stefan sighed, then turned and led her up the drive of the Smal woods house. She had expected him to go to the Smal woods front door, but he cut around the side of the house and toward a smal shed in the backyard.The toolsh ed? asked Elena quizzical y. Do we have a lawn mowing emergency we need to address before breakfast?Stefan ignored her joke and went to the shed door. Elena noticed that a padlock that had held the double door shut had been wrenched apart, pul ed to pieces. A half loop of metal hung uselessly from the shackle. Stefan had clearly broken in earlier.Elena fol owed him in. At first, after the dew-bright morning outside, she couldnt see anything in the dimness of the shed. Gradual y, she realized that the wal s of the shed were lined with loose papers. Stefan reached out and shoved the doors wider, letting the sunshine stream into the space.Elena peered at the papers on the wal s and then stepped back with a sharp gasp The first thing she had been able to make out was a picture of her own face. She yanked the paper off the wal and looked at it more closely. It was a clipping from the local paper, showing her dressed in a silver medal gown, dancing in Stefans arms. The caption under the p icture read Robert E. Lee High School prom queen Elena Gilbert and prom king Stefan Salvatore. mall queen? Despite the seriousness of the situation, her lips curled up in a smile. She real y had finished high school in a snake pit of glory, hadnt she?She pul ed another clipping from the wal and her face fel . This one showed a coffin carried through the rain by pal bearers, grim-faced mourners standing by. In the crowd, Elena recognized Aunt Judith, Robert, Margaret, Meredith, and Bonnie, lips set, cheeks streaked with tears. The caption here read Town mourns local high school student Elena Gilbert.Elenas fingers tightened unconsciously, crumpling the clipping. She turned to look at Stefan. This shouldnt be here, she said, a note of hysteria creeping into her voice.The Guardians changed the past. There shouldnt be any newspaper articles or anything left.Stefan stared back at her. I know, he said. Ive been thinking, and the best guess I can make is that maybe the Guardians just chan ged great deals minds. They wouldnt see any evidence of what we asked the Guardians to erase. Theyd just see what supported their new memories, the memories of a normal smal town and of a good deal of ordinary teenagers. Just another school year.Elena brandished the paper. But then why is this here?Stefan dropped his voice. Maybe it doesnt work on everybody. Calebs got some notes scribbled in a notebook computer I found, and it seems from them as though hes remembering two different sets of events. Listen to this.Stefan scrabbled through the papers littering the floor and pul ed out a notebook. He writes There are girls in town now that I know were dead. There were monsters here. The town was destroyed, and we left before they could get us too. But now Im back and we never left, even though no one but me remembers. Everythings normal no monsters, no death.Hmm. Elena took the notebook from him and scanned through the pages. Caleb had lists there. Vickie Bennett, Caroline, her. Al o f them. Everyone who was different in this foundation than in the other one. There were notes about how he remembered them how he thought Elena was dead and what was going on now. She turned a few pages, and her eyes widened. Stefan, listen. Tyler told him about us Tyler was afraid of Stefan Salvatore. He thought he kil ed Mr. Tanner and that there was something else strange about him, something unnatural. And he thought Elena Gilbert and her friends were tangled up in whatever was going on. And theres an asterisk referring back to Mr. Tanner being dead in one set of memories and alive in the other. Elena quickly scanned a few pages. It looks like he focused in on us as the cause of the changes. He figured out we were at the center of everything. Because were the race the most changed other than the vampire and kitsune victims and because he knew Tyler was suspicious of us, hes blaming us for Tylers disappearance.Two sets of memories, Stefan repeated, frowning.What if Calebs no t the only one remembering both realities? What if supernatural beings, or people aware of the supernatural, werent affected by the spel ?Elena froze. Margaret I wondered if she remembered something. She seemed so upset when she first saw me. Remember how she was afraid I was going to go away again? Do you think shes remembering me dying along with the memories the Guardians gave her?Stefan shook his head. I dont know, Elena. Do you have any reason to think Margaret is anything other than a suddenly normal little girl? Little kids can be very dramatic without needing a reason. Margarets got a lot of imagination.I dont know, Elena said in frustration. But if the Guardians just covered over the old memories with new ones, that would explain why my old journal was stil hidden in my bedroom just where I left it, and everything that had happened up until I left home written in it. So you think that Caleb suspects something is going on because he is a werewolf after al ?Look, Stefan sai d, gesturing around the shed. For the first time, Elena took in the whole scene and its implications. Pictures of her. Pictures of Bonnie and Meredith. Even pictures of poor Caroline, ranging from the haughty green-eyed debutante to a feral half monster, heavy pregnant with Tylers baby? Pup? Elena realized with a shock that she hadnt thought of Caroline in days. Was Caroline stil pregnant? Was she stil transforming into a werewolf because she was carrying Tylers baby? There were, Elena remembered, an awful lot of werewolves in Fel s Church. Powerful, important werewolves, and if that hadnt changed, and if the pack remembered everything, or enough of everything, then they were probably just biding their time.There were not only clippings but original photographs around the room. She saw a picture taken through the boardinghouse window of herself leaning forward excitedly to talk to Meredith, who was caressing her baleful hunting stave. Based on her outfit, it had been taken right a fter they picked up Alaric and Celia. Caleb had been not only researching the two sets of memories over the last few months but as well spying on Elena and her friends. Then she noticed something else. In the far corner on the floor was a huge bunch of roses. What ? Elena said, reaching for them. And then she saw. A pentagram was drawn around the roses. And encircling the pentagram was a bunch of photographs herself, Bonnie, Meredith, Matt, Stefan, Damon.Those are the same kinds of roses as the one Caleb gave you, arent they? Stefan asked softly. Elena nodded. They were perfect, delicate blooms in a dark luscious red that made her want to touch them.The rose that started it al , she whispered. It pricked Bonnies finger, and her blood spel ed Celias name. It must have come from here.Caleb isnt just a werewolf, Stefan said. I dont know exactly what he did here, but it looks like pretty dark magic to me. He looked at her pleadingly. I discovered it al yesterday, he continued. I had to fight him, Elena. I know I scared you, but I had to protect you and everyone else from him.Elena nodded, too stunned to speak. Now she understood why Stefan had acted the way he had. He thought she was in danger. But stil she couldnt help feeling sick when she remembered the arc of Calebs body as he was thrown. Caleb might have attacked them with dangerous magic, but his notes sounded confused and frightened. Elena and her friends had changed his world, and now he couldnt tel what was reality.Wed check pack up al of this and bring it back to the boardinghouse, she said briskly. Are there more notebooks? Stefan nodded. Then wed better look through them careful y. If he cast a spel on us some kind of curse it could stil be active, even though hes imprisoned to the hospital for now. The spel he used might be in one of the notebooks, or at least we might find some kind of steer as to what it is and exactly what its doing. And, hopeful y, how to reverse it.Stefan was looking a lit tle lost, his green eyes questioning. His arms were held out very slightly, as if he had been expecting her to handle him and hadnt remembered to put them down when she hadnt. But for some reason she couldnt quite put her finger on, Elena couldnt bring herself to hug him. Instead, she looked away and said, Do you have any tensile bags or anything in the car we can use to move it al ?

Death and Dying in Hinduism and Buddhism

Death and Dying- Customs and Rituals Hinduism and Buddhism Religious and cultural beliefs play a significant role in the processes of death and dying. These beliefs have created rituals that tin a conceptual framework for understanding the experience of death. Cultures across the world have different, unique rituals surrounding death and dying. This can be proven by comparing Hinduism and Buddhism. Their pre-death rituals, burial rites and concepts of afterlife be very different. Hindus and Buddhists have diverse pre-death rituals. When death is imminent, Hindus are brought home to die.They are placed in either their dwell or the entryway of their house with their head facing east. A lamp is lit near their head, and the person is encouraged to focus on their mantra. The Hinduism religion states that a mantra is a word repeated during mediation. Family members sing hymns, pray and read scripture for the dying person. When Buddhists are dying, it is up to their family to keep them p ositive. Loved ones must free themselves of disturbing emotion. It is their responsibleness to help the dying person accept death as a natural and inevitable part of life.Hindus rituals are scripted, religious and self-dependant while Buddhists rituals are low-maintenance and mostly dependant on family members. In conclusion, Hinduism and Buddhism are very different in regards to pre-death rituals. Hinduism beliefs about the afterlife vary significantly from Buddhism beliefs. Hindus believe that homo go through a never-ending cycle of birth and death. Hindus believe in karma. Karma is action, seen as bringing upon oneself inevitable results, good or bad, either in this life or in a reincarnation in Hinduism one of the means of reaching Brahman (Collins face Dictionary, Web).Buddhists believe that every soul is reborn until it has been cleansed. In Buddhism, the goal is to achieve Nirvana. Nirvana is freedom from the endless cycle of personal reincarnations, with their consequent suffering, as a result of the extinction of individual passion, hatred, and delusion. (Collins slope Dictionary, Web). Superfici all(prenominal)y, these two rituals seem similar, but differences can be found on a deeper level. Hinduism is a never-ending cycle, while Buddhism can be escaped. The biggest difference among Hinduism and Buddhism is their burial rites. Hindu families prepare heir deceased with oil and herbs. The body is carried on a wooden frame to a publically designated cremation site where mourners chant mantras. After the body has been cremated, bits of bone and ash that remain are collected and strewn into the Holy River. Ten days after the cremation, family members offer ten pindas to the river to feed the character of the deceased on its travels to the next incarnation. Buddhists hold simple, solemn funerals. They believe it is unnecessary to spend a lot of money on traditional ceremonies. During the viewing, an altar is narrow down up in front of the casket .Mourners can place offerings such as fruit, flowers and candles on the altar. Images of the Buddha and deceased person are placed in front of the altar. These religions are different because Hindus burials are elaborate and expensive, while Buddhists burials are simple, practical and inexpensive. Burial rites reveal how different Hinduism and Buddhism are. Hinduism and Buddhism have very different pre-death rituals, concepts of afterlife and burial rites. This proves that all religions have a unique set of traditions surrounding death and dying. These traditions help shape religion and create a diverse society.Bibliography Hitchcock, Susan Tyler. Geography of Religion Where idol Lives, Where Pilgrims Walk. Washington DC National Geographic Society, 2004. Print. Berhad, Koperasi Buddhisme Malaysia. A Guide to a Proper Buddhist Funeral. Sea Park Buddha Dharma Education Association Inc, 2000. Print. Collins English Dictionary. Karma. Dictionary Reference. 2009. HarperCo Publishers. March 6, 2013 http//dictionary. reference. com/browse/karma Collins English Dictionary. Nirvana. Dictionary Reference. 2009. HarperCo Publishers. March 6, 2013 http//dictionary. reference. com/browse/nirvana

Counsello

Kenya Association of Professional Counsellors School of Counselling Studies MA IN COUNSELLING STUDIES Please fill in all details and draw to every assignment you complete. Students NameDorcas Adoyo Mwinda Date of Submission 30th October 2009 Assignment (please arrest appropriate box)1 2 Module 1 geographic expedition in Counselling Module 2 Understanding in Counselling Module 3 Integration in Counselling Module 4 PracticumVideo ratingModule 5 Research Methods Module 6 Dissertation Title of Assignment The Appropriateness of mortal centered Approach in Sub-Saharan Africa Comments (please tick appropriate box) First Internal quizzer Second External ExaminerSecond Internal Examiner External Examiner Recommended ResultPercentageLevel (MA/PG Dip) Name of ExaminerElias Gikundi SignedDate TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLEPage No. Introduction2 What is individual centred Approach3 View of Human spirit3 Congruence5Unconditional Positive Regard6 Empathic Understanding6 Concepts undefendable in s oul- centred Approach7 Values exposed in person centred tone-beginning9 trenchantness of mortal Centred Approach in Sub-Saharan Africa11 Conclusion13 References14 INTRODUCTION Counselling has been perceived as an advice in numerous poor boy- Saharan Afri gutter countries and in addition the fact that there are many counselling approaches which are used it has even turn more confusing for people to understand.But cod to different lets we face in African countries like tribal clashes, culture differences, Poverty, political instability, racism, unemployment, HIV/AIDS and many different(a)s counselling was introduced from the western culture to tin healing to the continueed and infected people, and thus person centred approach was adopted because it helps deal with individual feelings, which would help the readjust choke to the surrounding both literally and psychologically. Person centred approach is whizz among the other counselling approaches used in sessions which I am sure that it is not well kn take in sub Saharan African.In this paper, I am going to going to discuss on the relevance of person centred approach in sub- Saharan African and also examining in Kenyan figure. In summing up I shall give my conclusion on what I think or feel about the topic am writing about. WHAT IS PERSON CENTRED APPROACH? Person centred approach champi hotshotd by Carl Rogers in the 1930s and 1940s. This approach assist clients to listen to their feelings and inner voices and in doing so clients can learn to do better in their own, (Nelson, 2001).Since we are witting(predicate) what it is all about then the question is how does it view human beingnesss? VIEW OF HUMAN temper Rogers (1961) says that person centred approach view human beings as having the ability to steer the course of their lives, if offered in a relationship the core conditions. Rogers (1967) also states that to be egotism-importance which one is truly is, is more than an attainable goal o f person centred therapy, but a key aspect in the process of becoming a amply functioning person.I do agree with Rogers because, this therapy does not allow a client to talk about others but brings the client to self and dealing with what is affect him or her now. In person centred approach human nature is drawn as basically social so that human beings are by nature protective, caring, human and understanding towards each other, (Mearns et al. 1988). He argues that the dependence of human infants and interdepence of adults degrees in the same direction as does the inmate capacity to infer imaginatively the experience of others.harmonize to Bozarth et al. (1986) person centred approach has the belief that all human beings hurl within them the innate capacity to grow towards their own unique fulfilment (or to move towards self actualisation). I personally feel that despite all cultural impact on us, environmental factors and measures that are being imposed on us, we up to now energize the drive towards self actualisation and also discover within ourselves the capacity of growth, and therefore whatever we do, we are the people who knows what is right and wrong for us but not others.Rogers (1951) furyes that an accurate concept of self is crucial for healthy development, he stated that a long with a realistic self concept goes a realist perception of reality and situation in which the individual finds himself or herself in. ( Kirschenbaum et al, 1989). My contention is that the aim of life history as it is called by Rogers to be that self which one is truly is has been on philosophical minds for centuries and to date individuals are still wrestling with the very concept of being true to self.Corey (2001) underscores the same when he says that person centred therapy puts emphasis on concepts of freedom, choice, regard ass, personal responsibility, autonomy, purpose and symbolizeing. Despite this approach emphasizing on individual development, in some s ub Saharan African countries (Kenya being one of them) personal development is seen as selfish and importance is cultural value of the common good to individuals.If we are to be more explicit about our culture, which is what we propose, it is Copernican for the therapist to be visible in terms of their value system or African view beliefs and standing in the community. This allows therapists to be clear in and about their relationship with clients and offers the client the safety that the therapist is not a detached remote or mystical figure but an accountable member of the community. Person centred approach is perhaps the only hypothesis to take predominately a good animal view of human nature.For Rogers the actual tendency in world is positive and it only become negative to the extent that it is blocked and frustrated by environmental factors. While going through the view of human nature by person centred theory I realised that there are core conditions which are necessary in this approach which acts as guidance in counselling session. Like wise Green (2002) suggests that the presence of core conditions in the therapeutic relationship can set in train a directing process towards being more true to one self. So what are these core conditions? CongruenceRogers (1961, pg 61) defined therapist congruence as by this we mean that the feelings the therapist is experiencing are available to him, available to his cognizance and he is able to live these feelings a, be them and able to communicate them if appropriate . awareness involves the therapist awareness of their own culture and themselves in relation to it and indeed to the world. Congruence enables a therapist to come to terms with their position in society and the predicaments of life in relation to culture. It is useful in a session because it brings about self-confidence in a helping relationship.I have come to realise that being trustworthy does not demand that I be rigidly consistent but be depend ably real (Rogers 1990a, pg 19). from my experience in counselling I have come to realise that congruence is imperative in a session because it makes it easier for a client to trust you. In Kenya there are xl two tribes with different culture, but still it ordain not hinder the therapist to be congruent because a client only ineluctably trust and genuineness which makes them feel that they are I the right place and also they can get honest response from a counsellor.Mearns et al. (1988) says that in the person centred approaches, congruence dissolves the mysteriousness of the counsellor , and as with other core conditions it has its roots and equivalence in other cultural traditions as wisdom, mindfulness, active surrender ( Purton, 1994). Unconditional positive regard. Rogers run along this condition variously as unconditional buy upance, prizing, non- possessive, love and warmth. He adds that developmentally as humans, we have a occupy for unconditional positive regard and to have an internal self guard, (Rogers, 1959).Unconditional positive regard is important because it directly sabotages such conditions of worth the counsellor values her client ir regard asive of the client conformist to conditions. I feel it is important for therapist to be clear about their own culture, both their culture of origin and their present culture and to be aware of the positive message about their culture especially if the therapist themselves had problems in growing and growing within their own culture. Villas- Rose Bowen (1984) says that in developing perspectives on unconditional positive regard, then we need to consider regard for self, others and culture itself.Empathic understanding Empathic understandings Rogers mostly referred to it is to sense the clients private world as if it were your own, but without ever losing the as if quality, (Rogers, 1957). In my opinion, the as if condition as Rogers proposes it, in his 1959 definition of empathy must in the first place be soundless as the stressing of the necessity of being continuously aware that the experience and feeling that the therapist is trying to live into, do originate in the client and not in the therapist. (Vanderschot,1990 p. 290). personally think that empathy is the ability to stand very close to someone else to appreciate what it is like to be that other person in that other person in that other persons world. This never feels palmy because it involves stepping out of your own frame ricks and trying to appreciate what it is to view ones culture through their look rather than your own. Concepts exposed in person centred approach. According to Dardenne et al. (1989) effective person centred counsellors are people who demonstrate the substantial qualities of genuineness, non-possessiveness, warmth and empathy with the clients.Counsellors treat their clients with non-judgemental respect and hope to introduce practical ways in which this can be achieved across any cultural d ivide. I do find it rather easy and flowing when all those qualities mentioned above are applied in session and you find that it even makes a client to feel free to share his experience without any fear. Person centred is a means of meshing the symbolised (or symbolising) incongruence of the client with the congruence of the therapist. It is not appropriate process for people who are merely wishing to have education experience. Mearns et al. 2000). With different problems facing many sub- Saharan countries, people feel that they do need education to help them curb their problems, but unlike other counselling approaches as psychodynamic and gestalt which provides education, person centred approach tends to differ. I do agree with Mearns because people do not only need education which they feel will enable them get out of the problems they are facing but person centred emphasis is on working with the person to help him deal with the problem. Rogers, 1959) adds that person centred ther apy barely does not work with clients who are experiencing incongruence in their living and wanting to change that incongruence. Person centred approach requires a level of acceptance which enable therapists to sustain themselves when clients contend them. I feel that this is highly vital because due to many problems that affect people in sub- Saharan Africa which in most cases have badly dishonored their experience in life, they tend to relieve their anger and stresses, and even feeling to counsellors.The therapist should provide support to the affected clients and therefore the level of acceptance needs to be ablely robust to withstand the pain of relating to those who prove to be aggressive, demeaning or even contemptuous and hostile ( Mearns et al. 2000). According to Thorne (19910 person centred approaches clams from the assumption that every living organism is driven by an actualising tendency an instinctive reflecting the desire to grow, develop and enhance one capacitie s to the fullest ( actualisation ).Mearns and Thorne (2000) states that this process of self actualisation is fraught with complexity and anxiety because the organismic self as essentially trustworthy and a unified whole of experiencing conflict within the developing self concept of the individual which distorts or denies experiences into awareness as it is heavily dependent on positive regard fro others. And as Thorne (1991) argues that gradually we learn to see ourselves as others ignoring our own inner experiencing.I personally feel that one cannot get to self actualisation without struggle and taking example of my country Kenya, many people do live below the poverty line and are ready to do anything just to be able to cater his basic needs and therefore instead of focussing in how to get out of the situation, he seeks refuge from others and even try to copy their lifestyle putting at the back of his mind what he is and hence ignoring our inner experience and views ourselves as o thers.Covey (1989) argues that in African society, we may have gained an incredible degree of outward conquest but inwardly individuals have divorced themselves from the roots and valuing process in serving the structure of capitalist society. Therefore this approach enables a person to work with the deeper need to actualise rather than depending on others.Rogers was fundamentally an optimist about human potential, arguing that ideally the actualising tendency refers to self actualisation where aspects of self and concepts are identical or congruent, ( Mearns and Thorne, 2000), this ideal human conditions is embroiled in the fully functioning persons who as Rogers ( 1959) state is open to experience , able to live existentially, is trusting in his or her own organism, experience feelings freely, acts independently, is active and lives an enriched life, he is in the process of being and becoming himself. (p 192) Values exposed through person centred approach. The person centred po int of view places high value on the experience of the individual human beings and or the importance of his or her subjective reality. It also challenges each person to accept responsibility of his or her own life, (Mearns et al. 1988). Rogers (1961) argues that the basic value in person centred approach is the conviction that personal experience is the highest authority.With all the problems and hardships being experienced in sub- Saharan Africa like the tribal clashes, sexual abuse, drought and hunger, poor governance, lack of medical expertise and medicines and many others which leads to introjections of other peoples value in order to gain positive regard. Problems later(prenominal) arise when they view these introjected values as their own. One goal of person centred approach is to reverse this pattern and help the client to select his or her own value (Thorne et al. 998). The coming into consciousness of the African Personality highlighted how African cultural values differed from those that were imposed upon them (Len-Holdstock, 2000). Person centred approach places the therapist in a paradoxical position, in that the therapist will never seek to guide the client to a particular value or gaol but to guide the client towards contact with his or her inner organismic self away from external value.In other enounce the therapist is actively trying to facilitate the clients movement from the outer world of the conditions of worth into the inner world of the organismic valuing process. (Van Kalmthout, 1995). The concept of self is also exposed as a value in person centred approach because according to Rogers (1951) an acute concept of self is crucial for healthy development. In addition, Covey, (1989) states that modern society is characterised by pervasive wars, genocide, exploitation and general disenchantment, hence individuals are in battle with an inner craving for growth and development.Markus and Kitayama (1991) argues that psychological chastity of attending to the self, appreciation of others difference from others and importance of asserting to self. I do agree with theme in sense that person centred approach brings out the need of self awareness which Rowen (1983) says is a state of consciousness where we are genuinely open to listen on all the levels, thus enabling one to become independent from others and discover and be able to express ones unique attributes. Sub- Saharan countries people have suffered so much because of lack of awareness.In regard to the post election violence in Kenya two years ago, many got affected because they were not aware of repercussions of the violence to them and that they are used as a tool by our politicians, whom imposed their values on them hence acting on others values forgetting about their own values. Collier ( 1977 argues that Rogers boast of the essential equality of human beings claiming that every individual has the same forward moving humanity and capacity for happiness when one is true to one self.Effectiveness of person centred approach in sub-Saharan Africa Person centred approach mainly focuses on the well being of a person, mainly focussing on his personal feelings and being able to provide core conditions for a helping which in very vital because it encourages independence of a person, which African culture puts so much value in ones social connectedness. The growth of people in the African perspective as Owusun-Bempah and Howitt (2000) put it, is not individual, but it also involves the whole society and the wider aspects of such a society.The two add that the aim of the development of the self is the achievement of a truly social self through, the harmonious relations and the interdependence with others. Person centred approach do emphasise the autonomy of a client which in sub-Saharan Africa have sense of normal development where the individual becomes conscious of his own being, his duties, his privileges and responsible towards himself and toward o thers.An example is the case of human genocide that happened in Rwanda some years go, where their were ethical clashes between two tribes, but after the incident the citizens later realised that what they were doing was not actual right but out of other people orders hence when truth and reconciliation commissioner was formed they had to be made aware of their actions and also made to take responsibility of their actions as well. Am mazed by the effectiveness of this approach because it actual makes one come into reality of life and be able to see things in a different angle and all these he comes up with them without any education or being told what to do. This approach has enabled change, especially in the urban areas, however this is not to say that African traditional philosophy have been shelved. In essence, change as Shorter (1998) says may be radical but if seldom total. Clearly what we experience in Africa is general and specifically in Kenya is radical transformations but w ith continuities.Conclusion In many ways. I have realised that person centred philosophical roots are useful in sub- Saharan Africa because it echoes and has echoes in many cultural and religious traditions. The concepts, language, practice attitudes of person centred approach are familiar in many ways. The other important things are, i have come to appreciate the effectivessness of the core conditions which are necessary and sufficient in our cultural context. References Bozarth, J. and Temaner Brodley B. (1986). The core conditions and Theory of the person centred. Chicago Praegers.Corey, G. (2001). Theory and Practice of counselling and Psychotherapy ( 6th Edn). Australia Brooks/ Cole. Covey, S. R. (1989). The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People. capital of the United Kingdom WsBook- well. Dardenne,P. and Mahtani,A. (1989) Transcultural Counselling in Action (2nd edt) (ed) Windy,D, Counselling in Action. capital of the United KingdomSage. Kirschenbaum, H. and Henderson, V. L. (1989). the Carl Rogerss reader. London British Library Press. Len Holdstock, T. (2000). Re-examining psychology small Perspective and African Insight. London Routledge. Markus, H. R. and Kitayama, S. (1991).Culture and the self Implications for cognition, emotion and Motivation psychological view. Mearns, D. and Thorne, B. (1988). Person centred Counselling in Action (2nd Edn). London Sage Mearns, D. and Thorne, B. (2000). Person- centred therapy today. London Sage Rogers, C. R. (1951). Client centred Therapy Its Current Practice, Implications and Theory. capital of Massachusetts Houghton Mifflin. Rogers, C. R. (1967). The condition of change from a client view point. Cited in Buenson and R. Carkhuff (Ed) Sources of gain in counselling and psychotherapy. Newyork Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Rogers,C. R. 1959). A theory of Therapy, Personality and Interpersonal Relationship as Developed in the client Centred Framework. In S. Koch (Ed) Psychology A study of science. Newyork McGraw-H ill Rogers. (1961). On becoming A Person. Boston Houghton Mifflin. Rowan, J. (1983). The Reality Game A Gide to Humanistic Counselling and Psychotherapy (2nd Edn). London Routledge and Kegan Paul plc. Thorne, B. (1991). Person- Centred Counselling therapeutic and Spiritual dimensions. London Whurr. Thorne, B. (2000). Carl Rogers. London Sage. Thorne, B. and Lambers, E. (1998). Person centred therapy.London Sage Van Kalmthout, M. (1995). The Religious Dimensions of Rogers Work. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, Vol 12, Part 3. Rogers, C. R. (1990a). The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change. In H. Kirschenbaum and V. L. Henderson (eds). The Carl Rogers Readers. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. Purton, C. (1994). The deep structure of the Core conditions A Buddhist Perspective. Austria Gmunden. Green, C. D. (2002). Signifant Aspects of Client- Centred Therapy. http//psychalysis. york. ca/Rogers/Therapy. html (accessed 18/02/02). Villas-Rose Bowen, M. 1984). Spirituality and Person Centerd Approach Interconnectedness in the Universe and Psychotherapy. Mexico Universal liberoamerican. Vanaerschot, G. (1990). The Process of Empathy Holding and letting go. In Lietaer, G Rombauts, J. And Van Balen, R. (Eds)Clients- Centerd and Experiental Pstchotherapy in the nineties. Belgium Leuven University Press. Owusu- Bempah, K and Howitt, D. (2000). Psychology beyond Western Perspectives. Leicester BPS books ( The British Psychological Society). Shorter, A. (1998). African Culture An overview. Nairobi Paulines Publications Africa.